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The generation of individuals of different genotypes that are mated, usually for scientific purposes, to produce hybrids. |
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| the first-generation offspring of two parents; symbol F1. |
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| all of the offspring produced by two individuals of the first filial generation; symbol F2. |
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| A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. In general terms, a gene is a segment of nucleic acid that, taken as a whole, specifies a trait. |
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| An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. |
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A genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene.
ex. Aa
A is expressed even tho there is only one copy. |
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| A gene that is phenotypically expressed in the homozygous state but has its expression masked in the presence of a dominant. |
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| The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment |
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| Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait |
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| Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait |
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| A phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism |
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| The genotype is the trait that can not be seen. The genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell, an organism, or an individual |
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| A monohybrid cross is a cross between parents who are heterozygous at one locus; for example, Bb x Bb |
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| A dihybrid cross is a cross between F1 offspring (first generation offspring) of two individuals that differ in two traits of particular interest. |
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| probability is used to estimate the likelihood of gene distribution |
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A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other. |
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A form of intermediate inheritance in which heterozygous alleles are both expressed, resulting in a combined phenotype.
Ex. Red X White = Pink |
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Any of a set of three or more alleles, or alternative states of a gene, only two of which can be present in a diploid organism
ex Blood Type |
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| Epistasis takes place when the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. The gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be epistatic, while the phenotype altered or suppressed is said to be hypostatic. |
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| A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that uses symbols to represent people and lines to represent genetic relationships |
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| Two alleles for a given trait separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| Assortment of genes for one trait separate independent of genes for another trait |
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| All daughters of male will have trait |
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all males pass trait on to daughters who are Carriers, or have trait depending mom.
More common in males. |
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| What did Griffith's experiment prove? |
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| that heat killed bacteria could transform a nonpathogenic form of bacteria |
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| proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 |
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| was an English biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who made important contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, |
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1. The number of Adenine bases is equal to the number of Thymine bases, and number of Cytosine bases is equal to Guanine bases. Ratio of A=T Ratio of C=G Ratio of A + T +C +G = 100%
2. The proportion of A:T and C:G holds true for both strands.
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| Nucleiotide is made up of: |
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Phosphate Group
5-carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base |
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