Term
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Definition
light illuminates specimen
glass lenses magnify
cannot show detail finer than a small bacterium
stains or dyes to improve contrast |
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Definition
uses beam of electrons instead of light
electromagnetic lenses
specimen stained with heavy metal stains
more detail is seen than light microscopes
two types: scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron micrscopy |
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Term
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Definition
1664
invented the compound light microscope
first person to use a microscope
fleas, sponges, feathers, molds, cork cells
author of Micrographia |
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Term
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Definition
second person to invent microscope
improved Hooks microscope with 200x mag. and higher resolution
observed bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
investigating cells, lead to cell theory
botanist, concluded all plants are composed of cells
1830s |
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Term
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Definition
investigating cells, lead to cell theory
zoologist, concluded all animals are composed of cells
1830s |
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Term
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Definition
all living things are composed of one or more cells
cell is basic living unit of organization of all living things
cells only come from pre-existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
smallest unit of life
carries out the characteristics of living things - grow, reproduce, mutate, evolve |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes |
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Term
| What is the difference between Prok. and Euk. cells? |
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Definition
Prok - no nucleus, no internal membranous organelles, small
Euk - nucleus, complex internal membranous organelles (sacs that isolate one chemical process from the other), large |
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Term
| What two domains include prok. cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What domains include Euk. cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What limits the size of cells? |
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Definition
surface area, or its plasma membrane
volume, or its cytosol which needs nutrients to survive
larger cells with more cytosol need more food to survive
small cells survive |
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Term
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Definition
fluid, flexible, semi permeable
composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
barrier - keeps cellular environment diff from external environment
proteins allow cell to interact with its environment |
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Term
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Definition
surround and protect DNA
surrounded by nuclear envelope - double layer of membrane, has nuclear pores that regulate access to inside of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| wrapped around proteins forming chromatin (chromosomes) - only visible when cell is dividing |
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Term
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Definition
dense dark area where ribosomes are assembled
cell can have more than one |
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Term
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Definition
bodies of RNA, associated with proteins
composed of sub unites- 1 large, 1 small
float in cytosol or are attached to rough ER
function as site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
"net" within cytoplasm
network of membranous sacs (cisternae) that morphs into nuclear envelope
two types - rough and smooth |
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Term
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Definition
studded with ribosomes that produce secretory proteins
threaded into lumen for modification - bud off ER fuse to plasma membrane then secreted from cell
place where new membranes are synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
not studded with ribosomes
functions - production of lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons
alcoholism - leads to increase of smooth ER |
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Term
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Definition
shipping and receiving center
consists of flattened sacs (cisternae) with two faces
cis - receives vesicles from ER
trans - ships vesicles, or buds them off |
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Term
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Definition
network of membranous sacs
found in ER
transported by Golgi |
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Term
| Lysosomes (lysis meaning..) |
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Definition
found in animal cells
"splitting bodies"- vesicles containing digestive enzymes breaks down macromolecules
buds off Golgi
contain digestive enzymes - fuse with food vacuoles and food molecules are digested
recycle parts by eating or absorbing themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic disease, build up of undigested substrates due to lack of digestive enzymes in lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
found in plants
function as lysosomes
large vacuoles that fill most of cell interior, have semi permeable membrane
absorb water leading to cell growth
gives plant ability to stand up off ground
some contain toxins for defense
protists use this to pump out excess water |
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Term
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Definition
bean shaped
found in euk cells
site of cellular respiration
surrounded by 2 membranes - smooth outer membrane, inner membrane is highly folded into shelves (or cristae) increasing surface area for proteins required for respiration |
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Term
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Definition
found in plant and algae
green, lens shaped
site of photosynthesis
surrounded by inner and outer membrane
contain thylakoid membrane system - thylakoid sacs stacked on top of each other (granums) which are connected by tube like lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
internal support, anchors cell structures, maintain cell shape, cell motility
composed of 3 types of protein elements:
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
1 of the 3 protein fibers that makes up cytoskeleton, largest
hollow tubes
maintains cell shape
cell motility (in cilia or flagella)
cell division, organelle movements |
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Term
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Definition
buit from microtubules
central body near the nucleus where microtubules grow
microtubule organizing center
contains a pair of centrioles ( in animal cells only ) |
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Term
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Definition
short hollow bundles of microtubules
replicate before cell division create spindle apparatus which separates chromosomes
found only in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
short hair life structures found in large quantities
cell motility
internal core of microtubules
lines the trachea and moves mucous
lines the ovaries and moves egg |
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Term
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Definition
long whip like structures (sperm)
built of microtubulues
anchored by basal bodies |
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Term
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Definition
1 of the 3 protein fibers that makes up cytoskeleton, smallest
solid, two intertwined strands of actin, can be linear or network (web)
maintenance of cell shape, changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility (amoeba)
cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
cell division in animal cells - contracting belt of filaments causes membrane to furrow and split |
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Term
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Definition
solid, ropelike
vary in size and made up of varying proteins (ex keratin)
anchors nucleus and other organelles
formation of nuclear lamina |
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Term
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Definition
explains derivation of mitochondria and chloroplasts
before Euk cells were present, a large cell engulfed a smaller bacterium which became symbiotic within the larger cell
both cells benefit - relationships persisted over time |
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Term
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Definition
functions like glue holding cells together into tissues
plants - cell wall where middle lamelia contains pectin (glue) sticks cells together
animals - fibers of collagen embedded in a web |
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Term
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Definition
in plants, channels through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells which connect cytoplasm of both cells
allow for communication between cells |
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Term
| Junctions of Animal Cells (3) |
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Definition
Tight Juntions - tight seal between adjacent cells (stomach)
Desmosomes - spot welds which allow for stretch (bladder)
Gap junctions - channels between cells allow for communication between cells (cardiac muscle cells) |
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Term
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Definition
protect cells and help maintain their shape
support plant and help it stand up |
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Term
| Do animals have cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are in plant cells but more animal cells? |
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Definition
| chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata |
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