Term
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Definition
large organic molecules.
divided into four classes (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) |
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Term
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Definition
large organic molecules built from small organic molecules called monomers
most macromolecules are polymers |
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Term
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Definition
small organic molecules that either:
function individually
join together to form polymers |
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Term
| What happens in condensation reactions AKA dehydration synthesis ? |
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Definition
| FORMS polymers bonds two small molecules into a larger molecule H20 is removed (or formed) covalent bond between the two molecules requires energy and enzymes |
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Term
| What happens in hydrolysis reactions? (lysis means..) |
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Definition
BREAKS DOWN polymers with the addition of H20
splitting of covalent bond
requires enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
function as energy storage or building material
n is the number of carbons
3 types of carbs: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
AKA simple sugars
hexoses 6 carbons
pentoses 5 carbons
trioses 3 carbons
ex. glucose |
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Term
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Definition
most common monosaccharide
immediate source of energy for cells
linear but forms rings in aqueous solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond |
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Term
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Definition
disaccharide found in milk
glucose and galactose covalently bonded together |
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Term
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Definition
disaccharide found in table sugar
glucose and fructose covalently bonded together |
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Term
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Definition
more than two disaccharides (many, thousands)
bonded with covalent bonds
functions in energy storage and building material
ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
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Term
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Definition
polysaccharide
many glucoses joined into helical chains
branched and unbranched forms
energy storage for plants
energy in our diets: potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
polysaccharide
helical polymer of glucose
branched
energy storage in animals
stored in liver and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
polysaccharide
unbranched chains of glucose bonded into microfibrils
builds plant cell walls
most abundant organic compound on earth |
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Term
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Definition
polysaccharide
chains of glucose where each glucose has a N containing group
building material for exoskeletons of insects
cell wall of fungi |
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Term
| What carbohydrate is the immediate source of energy for cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the four groups of macromolecules is mostly nonpolar and hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| Lipids (fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids) |
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Term
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Definition
mostly hydrocarbons
hydrophobic
smaller than polymers
varied group including: fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids |
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Term
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Definition
lipids
large lipids formed from 2 kinds of monomers
fatty acids 14-20 Carbons long hydrocarbon chain
carboxyl group at the end
functions: long term energy storage, insulation and regulation of body temp, protection of body parts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
no double bonds between Cs so each C is "saturated" in hydrogen
forms straight chains
solid
butter
animals have saturated fats |
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Term
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Definition
1 or more double bonds between the C in the chain
chain with "kinks"
liquid
plants have unsaturated fat |
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Term
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Definition
lipid
composed of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group
non polar tails are hydrophobic
polar heads are hydrophilic |
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Term
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Definition
| foundation of all cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
lipids
4 fused carbon rings
cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol (immune system)
messenger molecules pass info to cell and leads to cell change
non polar - can pass plasma membrane and enter cells |
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Term
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Definition
lipids
composed of 1 long chain alcohol bonded to one long chain fatty acid
solid and insoluble in water
form solid waterproof protective covering |
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Term
| How are all amino acids the same? |
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Definition
central assymetric carbon
bonded to central carbon are:
carboxyl (acid) group
amino group
R group
H atom |
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Term
| How are amino acids different? |
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Definition
| vary only by the R group or side chain |
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Term
| What part of an amino acid gives it the specific chemical characteristics? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8 Function Types of Proteins |
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Definition
Enzymatic
Transport
Structural
Receptor
Immune
Contractive
Hormonal
Storage
Easy There Sparky Really Intense Comments Hurt Souls |
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Term
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Definition
when acid group of 1 amino acid is adjacent to another's amino acid group
-OH removed from carboxyl
H removed from amino
Water is removed from molecule
peptide bond, a polar covalent bond, forms
this process is repeated many times is polypeptide synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
can be a few or a thousand amino acids long
has unique linear sequence of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
composed of 1 or more polypeptides
four levels of structure
20 amino acids from which all proteins found in living things are built |
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Term
| 4 Levels of Protein Structure |
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Definition
primary- specific sequence of amino acids
secondary- bonding between atoms of peptide bonds
tertiary- bonding between R groups
quaternary- bonding between polypeptide chains |
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Term
| What is a proteins conformation? |
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Definition
the unique three dimensional shape determined by a proteins specific amino acid sequence
closely associated with its function in the cell |
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Term
| What types of bonds lead to each of the four levels in protein structure? |
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Definition
primary - peptide bonds
secondary - hydrogen bonding
tertiary - ionic, hydrogen
quaternary - due to bonding of polypeptide chains |
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Term
| Do all proteins have a quaternary structure? |
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Definition
| No just proteins that are formed from more than 1 polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
change in proteins conformation thus affecting is ability to function
due to a change of pH temp or chemicals around protein |
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Term
| Is denaturation of proteins reversible? |
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Definition
| Yes but only if the primary level of the structure has not been destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
DNA - double stranded helix, spiral shape,
RNA - single stranded |
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Term
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Definition
double helix composed of two strands joined by H bonds twisted into a spiral
DNA nucleotides have the N bases: A T C G
A to T, C to G
^^ antiparallel |
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Term
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Definition
| specific sequence of N bases |
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