Term
Aerobic organism
(Module #2) |
|
Definition
| An organism that requires oxygen |
|
|
Term
Extracellular digestion
(Module #4) |
|
Definition
| Digestion that takes place outside of the cell |
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|
Term
Mycelium (plural is mycelia)
(Module #4) |
|
Definition
| The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food |
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|
Term
Hypha (plural is hyphae)
(Module #4) |
|
Definition
| A filament of fungal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm |
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|
Term
Chitin
(kye'tin)
(Module #4) |
|
Definition
| A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thin covering of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks |
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|
Term
Photosynthesis
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that eat only plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that produce their own food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that are able to make their own food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment |
|
|
Term
Asexual reproduction
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| Reproduction accomplished by a single organism |
|
|
Term
Sexual reproduction
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| Reproduction that requires two organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data |
|
|
Term
Scientific Law
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data |
|
|
Term
Microorganisms
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
Prokaryotic cell
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles |
|
|
Term
Eukaryotic cell
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The science of classifying organisms |
|
|
Term
Binomial nomenclature
(Module #1) |
|
Definition
| Naming an organism with its genus and species name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that causes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that feeds on dead matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that feeds on a living host |
|
|
Term
Anaerobic organism
(Module #2) |
|
Definition
| An organism that does not require oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born |
|
|
Term
Exponential growth
(Module #2) |
|
Definition
| Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population |
|
|
Term
Logistic growth
(Module #2) |
|
Definition
| Population growth that is controlled by limited resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code |
|
|
Term
Transformation
(Module #2) |
|
Definition
| The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pigment necessary for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny organisms that float in the water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself |
|
|
Term
Sessile colony
(Module #3) |
|
Definition
| A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Basic Building Blocks of Matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything that has mass and takes up space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that result from atoms linking together |
|
|
Term
Physical change
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance |
|
|
Term
Chemical change
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of three forms - solid, liquid, or gas - which every substance is capable of attaining |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent |
|
|
Term
Semipermeable membrane
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process |
|
|
Term
Organic molecule
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula |
|
|
Term
Monosaccharides
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
Polysaccharides
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
Dehydration reaction
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacking any affinity to water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
Unsaturated fat
(Module #5) |
|
Definition
| A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bond that links amino acids together in a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special class of proteins that act as catalysts for many of the chemical reactions that support life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transport of dissolved substances into cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of absorbed substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of soluble waste materials |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of nonsoluble waste materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The release of biosynthesized substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintaining the status quo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
|
|
Term
Middle lamella
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
|
|
Term
Plasma Membrane
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons |
|
|
Term
Cytoplasmic Streaming
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) that is dotted with ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) that has no ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelles that store starches or oils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
Central vacuole
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes |
|
|
Term
Waste vacuoles
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells |
|
|
Term
Phagocytic vacuole
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs |
|
|
Term
Pinocytic vesicle
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules |
|
|
Term
Secretion vesicle
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure |
|
|
Term
Nuclear membrane
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
|
|
Term
Microfilaments
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
Intermediate filaments
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group |
|
|
Term
Passive transport
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion |
|
|
Term
Active transport
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy |
|
|
Term
Isotonic solution
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution |
|
|
Term
Hypertonic solution
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rupturing of a cell due to excess of internal pressure |
|
|
Term
Hypotonic solution
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution |
|
|
Term
Activation energy
(Module #6) |
|
Definition
| Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going |
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|
