Term
| Site for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Site for light-independent reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Major pigments involved in absorbing light energy for use in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| chlorophyll, cartenoids, phycocyanins |
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Term
| Structure of a chloroplast |
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Definition
contains thylakoids and stroma
-thylakoids- flattened membranous sacs
-stroma- semi-fluid medium |
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Term
| Products of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Products of light-independent reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| What constitutes a photosystem and how do photosystems contribute to the process of photosynthesis |
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Definition
photosystems are the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid.
-light harvesting complex
-reaction-center chlorophyll
-electron transport system |
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Term
| What is chemiosmosis and how does it contribute to ATP synthesis in the thylakoid membrane |
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Definition
| coupling of electron flow down an electron transport chain to ATP production by creation of a gradient across the membrane. The proton gradient drives ATP Synthesis as protons diffuse back across the thylakoid membrane. |
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Term
| Differentiate between PS-II and PS-I |
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Definition
PS-II generates ATP
PS-I generates NADPH
They are both sources of stored chemical energy. |
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Term
| Describe the C3 cycle, where does it occur and what are its products |
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Definition
| Occurs in the chloroplast stroma. There are 3 phases: Carbon fixation, G3P(PGA) synthesis (ATP and NADPH is used, PGA -> G3P), and Regeneration of ribulose biophosphate (RuBP) carbons are shuffled around to make six 5-carbon sugars and two 3-carbon sugars (used to form glucose) |
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Term
| How does CO2 from the atmosphere enter the leaf to be used in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| leaves have opening called stomata, which carbon dioxide enters through (when water is lacking, they close) |
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Term
| Describe how CO2 fixation occurs in C3 and C4 plants. |
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Definition
| C3 plants have chloroplasts only mesophyll cells but not in bundle sheath cells. C4 plants have chloroplasts both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. |
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Term
| What is photorespiration and how does it occur |
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Definition
| process where O2 is combined with RuBP to generate CO2. |
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Term
| Explain how C4 plants have been able to overcome the problem of photorespiration |
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Definition
| C4 plants have a 2 stage carbon fixation pathway called the C4 pathway. in C4 plants- mesophyll cells contain a 3-carbon molecule called PEP (instead of RuBP). CO2 reacts with PEP to form a 4-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate -> malate). malate serves to get carbon into the bundle sheath cells from mesophyll cells the high concentration of CO2 in the bundle sheath allows the C3 cycle to proceed with less competition from O2 after delivering CO2 malate pyruvate which returns to the mesophyll cell to form PEP. energy from ATP used to generate PEP. |
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Term
| How does the C3 cycle differ from the C4 cycle. You should be able to explain what happens during the C3 and C4 cycles in detail. |
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Definition
| C4 plants use more energy to produce glucose compared to C3 plants. C4 plants are more efficient when light is abundant and water is deficient. C3 plants are more efficient when water is plentiful and light levels are low. C4 plants thrive in deserts and hot, drier areas. C3 plants include most trees, wheat, oats, rice. They grow in cool, wet, and cloudy climates. |
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Term
| Describe the process of Glycolysis. |
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Definition
| glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate. it is a multi-step pathway that takes place in the cytoplasm, splits glucose to pyruvate, and occurs with or without O2. catabolic pathway during which a 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars then rearranged by a stepwise process that produces two pyruvic acid molecules. |
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Term
| What are the main products of glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes pyruvate to go through fermentation and what are the products of fermentation |
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Definition
| when there is no oxygen present the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis go through fermentation. NAD+ |
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Term
| What happens during the Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
| completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules. AKA Citric Acid Cycle of TCA Cycle. Bridge reaction- 1. Removal of CO2. 2. Production of NADH from NAD+ (2 molecules of NADH per glucose) molecule. 3. Attachment of coenzyme A (AKA CoA) to form acetyl CoA. Hans Krebs- occurs in mitochondrial matrix. Every molecule of glucose entering glycolysis there are two pyruvate molecules that can enter the Krebs Cycle. So... 2 turns of the Krebs Cycle are needed to complete the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule. |
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Term
| Explain how the electron transport chain contributes to ATP production in living cells. OR Explain how ATP is synthesized in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Why is this ATP synthesis called "Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis" |
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Definition
| chemiosmosis- energy coupling mechanism. the electron transport system uses the energy from electron transfers to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. the reaction that conncects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle is the bridge reaction which converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. |
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Term
| Describe the bridge reaction. Why is it called the "bridge reaction" |
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Definition
| the reaction that connects the glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle is the bridge reaction which converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. |
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Term
| How many ATP molecules are produced when 1 glucose molecule is used up in respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the role played by NADH and FADH2 in building the proton gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. |
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Definition
| the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is harvested by the passage of electrons through the electron system. for every NADH that feeds into the ETC 3 protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the outside of the inner membrane. for every FADH2 that feeds into the ETC 2 protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the outside of the inner membrane. |
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Term
| How does one determine the energy status of a cell |
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Definition
| the ratio of ATP/ADP ratio reflects the energy state of a cell. high energy= ATP/ADP high. low energy= ATP/ADP low. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a nucleotide |
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Definition
| nucleotides are the building block molecules of a nucleic acid and are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
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Term
| Describe the two families of nitrogenous bases. |
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Definition
| pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases characterized by a six-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms (have one ring). purines are nitogenous bases characterized by a five-membered ring where both rings are made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms (have two rings). |
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Term
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Definition
A=T G=C
A only forms hydrogen bonds with T and G only with C |
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Term
| What is the "DNA double helix" structure |
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Definition
| 2 DNA strands running in opposite directions. |
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Term
| How are the two strands of DNA held together |
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Definition
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