[image]

(--OH)

A hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton 

Make up the alchohols (specific names usually end in -ol)

Functional Properties:

Is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom 

Can form hydrogen bonds with water moleculers, helping to dissolve organic compounds 

[image]

Consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen with a double bond 

Ketones is the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton 

Functional Properties:

These two groups are found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: aldoses (containing an aldehyde) and ketoses (containing a ketone) 

[image]

An oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an OH group, the entire assembly is called a carboxyl group (COOH)

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids

EX:

Acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste

Functional Properties:

Has acidic properties because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

[image]

The amino group

(—NH2) consists of a

nitrogen atom bonded

to two hydrogen atoms

and to the carbon 

skeleton.

Example:Glycine[image]

Because it also has a

carboxyl group, glycine

is both an amine and

a carboxylic acid;

compounds with both

groups are called 

amino acids.

Functional Properties:

Acts as a base

Ionizes with a charge of +1 under cellular conditions 

[image]

The sulfhydryl group

consists of a sulfur atom

bonded to an atom of

hydrogen; resembles a

hydroxyl group in shape.

Name of Compound:

Thiols 

Ex:

[image]

Cysteine is an important

sulfur-containing amino

acid.

Functional Properties:

Two sulfhydryl groups

can react, forming a

covalent bond. This

―cross-linking‖ helps

stabilize protein

structure.

Cross-linking of

cysteines in hair

proteins maintains the

curliness or 

straightness

of hair. Straight hair can

be ―permanently‖ curled

by shaping it around

curlers, then breaking

and re-forming the

cross-linking bonds.

In a phosphate group, a

phosphorus atom is bonded to

four oxygen atoms; one oxygen

is bonded to the carbon skeleton;

two oxygens carry negative

charges. The phosphate group

(—OPO32)is an

ionized form of a phosphoric acid

group (—OPO3H2);note the two

hydrogens).

Name of Compound:

Organic phosphates 

Functional Properties:

Contributes negative charge

to the molecule of which it is

a part (2– when at the end of

a molecule; 1– when located

internally in a chain of

phosphates).

Has the potential to react

with water, releasing energy

Methyl Group 

[image]

A methyl group consists of a

carbon bonded to three

hydrogen atoms. The methyl

group may be attached to a

carbon or to a different atom

Compund Name: 

Methylated compounds 

Functional Properties:

Addition of a methyl group

to DNA, or to molecules

bound to DNA, affects

expression of genes.

Arrangement of methyl

groups in male and female

sex hormones affects

their shape and function