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| 1. protection and support 2. movement 3. maintain calcium ion homeostasis 4. form blood cells |
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| no blood cells (ex lymph) |
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| skull, vertebral column, rib cage |
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| limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle |
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| embryonic skeleton is mostly |
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| avascular and devoid of nerves |
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| cartilage gets nourishment from |
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| capillaries in local connective tissue and diffusion |
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| organic components of bone |
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| proteins, lipids, carbohydrates |
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| inorganic components of bone |
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| calcium, phosphate, hydroxide |
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| osteoclast ____ calcium ___ blood |
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| osteoblast ____ calcium ___ blood |
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| stem cells into blood and immune cells |
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| osteoblasts are regulated by |
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| region where growth takes place |
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| highest calcium concentration is in the |
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| parathyroid hormone _____ blood calcium levels |
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| degradation of bone--calcium and phosphate are released into blood |
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| building of bone--calcium and phosphate are absorbed for use in process |
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| dynamic equilibrium between bone being broken down and built |
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| channels for ions to flow throughout the muscle fibers |
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| bundle of parallel fibers |
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| red muscle fibers are ____ twitch |
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| white muscle fibers are ____ twitch |
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| red fibers(slow twitch)--have more mitochondria and high myoglobin content so... |
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| long distance runners have more red than white |
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| white fibers (fast twitch) for ___ runners because ____ rate of contraction |
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| successful short distance runners have more ___ fibers than ___ |
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| component of sarcomere that has a head and tail |
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| myosin --has a head and tail region! |
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| actin molecules are associated with |
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| defines the boundaries of a single sarcomere |
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| anchors the thin filaments |
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| runs down the center of a sarcomere |
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| region containing the thin filaments only |
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| I band (I is thinner than H) |
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| region containing thick filaments only |
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| H zone (H is thicker than I) |
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| spans entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filaments |
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| not reduced in size during contraction |
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| reduced in size during contraction |
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| acetylcholine binds onto receptor sites on the |
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| cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
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| cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
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| after action potential, _____ ____ releases ____ into the sarcoplasm |
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium ions |
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| calcium ions bind to ____ molecules causing _____ strands to shift |
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| shift of tropomyosin exposes _____ on the actin filaments |
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| the ___ of the myosin bind to sites on the ___ molecules |
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Definition
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| binding of myosin heads and actin molecules creates |
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| actin-myosin cross-bridges |
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| actin-myosin cross bridges draws the ___ filaments toward the center of the ____ and shortens the sarcomere |
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| provides energy for dissociation of the myosin head from actin |
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| bundles of actomyosin filaments |
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| myofibrils-cylindical organelles of muscle cells-- |
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| myofibrils run down the middle and combine to form a |
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| water is split into H and OH |
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| reaction used to break down polymers |
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| break into two new compounds |
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| myosin heads cant detach from actin without... |
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| myosin heads cant detach from actin so the muscle cannot relax |
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| need ___ to relax muscles |
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| calcium is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during |
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| stores and pumps calcium ions |
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| continual low-grade contractions of muscle |
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| at rest, muscles are in a continuous state of |
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| muscle is unresponsive to stimulus |
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| absolute refractory preiod |
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| a greater than normal stimulus is needed to elicit a contraction |
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Definition
| relative refractory period |
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| time between stimulation and onset of contraction |
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| fibers are exposed to very frequent stimuli and muscle cannot full relax--contractions combine and become stronger and more prolonged |
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| contractions become continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax |
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| if this is prolonged the muscle will begin to fatigue |
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| straited, voluntary, somatic innervation, many nuc per cell, calcium needed for contraction |
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| straited, involuntary, autonomicinnervation, 1-2 nuc per cell, calcium needed for contraction |
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| non-straited, involuntary, autonomic innervation, one nuc per cell, calcium needed for contraction |
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| reflexively contracting without nervous stimulation |
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| muscle types that are myogenic |
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| produced from ATP--> creatine. used during exercise to resynthesize ATP so it can replenish ATP supply without needing more oxygen |
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| high oxygen affinity-binds to it and when muscles run out it releases oxygen--acts as an additional reserve for active muscle |
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| assist the principal muscles during movement |
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