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| A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. |
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| The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
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| The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. |
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| The production of multiple copies of a gene. |
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| (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning. |
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| A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium. |
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| A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme. |
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| DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme. |
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| A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment. |
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| A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain. |
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| An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. |
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| Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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Definition
| Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. |
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| In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected. |
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| In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
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| A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector. |
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| A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. |
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| A limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined. |
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| A cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted. |
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| Yeast Artificial Chromosomes |
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Definition
| A vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome--an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres--with foreign DNA. |
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Definition
| A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides. |
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Definition
| The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. |
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| A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA. |
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| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms |
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Definition
| Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps. |
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| An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. |
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| A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. |
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| A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA. |
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| Bacterial Artificial Chromosome |
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Definition
| An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100, 000 to 500, 000 base pairs. |
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| The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions. |
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| A technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant. |
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| A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene’s messenger RNA. |
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Definition
| A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules. |
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Definition
| The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes. |
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| Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms |
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Definition
| One base-pair variation in the genome sequence. |
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| The alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease. |
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| An individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes. |
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| Pertaining to an individual plant or animal whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism, either from the same or a different species. |
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| A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants. |
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| Genetically Modified Organisms |
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Definition
| An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. |
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