Term
| In what order does blood flow through the structures of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| right atrium→tricuspid valve→right ventricle→pulmonary valve→pulmonary artery→lungs→pulmonary vein→left atrium→bicuspid (mitral) valve→left ventricle→aortic valve→aorta→arteries→arterioles→capillaries→venules→veins→inferior vena cava→right atrium |
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Term
| What is the order of electric conduction in the heart? |
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Definition
- Sinoatrial node 60-100bpm
- atrioventricular node
- bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
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Term
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Definition
| connect muscle cells with gap junctions which directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular contraction when the atrioventricular valves are closed |
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Term
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Definition
| period of time when heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed |
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Term
| What are the three portal systems of the body? |
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Definition
- hepatic portal system - blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
- hypophyseal portal system - blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- renal portal system - blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
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Term
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Definition
| the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute; heat rate times stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
- red blood cells
- have no nucleus, mitochondria or organelles to make room for hemoglobin
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Term
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Definition
- white blood cells
- formed in the bone marrow, crucial to immune system
- granulocytes - basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
- agranulocytes - lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, NK cells), monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells
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Term
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Definition
- platelets - cell fragments released from cells in bone marrow called megakaryocytes
- assist in blood clotting
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Term
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Definition
| the production of blood cells and platelets; triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors and cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly red blood cell development |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development |
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Term
| ABO antigens and antibodies |
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Definition
| The antigens produced correspond to blood type, A produces A antigens, B produces B antigens and so on. The antibodies produced are determined by what types you do not have. If you don't have A you produce A antibodies. If you don't have A or B you produce A and B antibodies. Despite not being exposed to the antigens your body automatically produces these antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the mother is Rh negative and has been exposed to Rh positive blood she will produce the Rh antibody. If she has a fetus that is Rh positive the mother's antibodies will be able to cross the placenta and attack the fetus |
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Term
| Where does the largest drop in blood pressure occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin |
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Definition
| each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits |
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Term
| What is the interaction between CO2 and a red blood cell? |
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Definition
| CO2 enters a red blood cell and is reacted with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) by carbonic anhydrase. This weak acid then dissociates into a proton and the bicarbonate anion. This is the primary way that carbon dioxide is transported in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| hemoglobin's decreased affinity for oxygen leads to a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. This results from higher H+ concentrations (lower pH), the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin reducing its affinity |
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Term
| What causes right and left shifts in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? |
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Definition
- right shift (lower affinity, oxygen dissociates more easily): low pH, increase temperature, increased 2,3-bisphoshphoglycerate
- left shift (higher affinity, oxygen dissociates less easily): decreased partial CO2 pressure in blood, decreased [H+], increased pH, decreased temperature, decreased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
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Term
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Definition
| force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls; pushes fluid out of the bloodstream and into the interstitium through the capillary walls |
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Term
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Definition
| the 'sucking' pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream; called oncotic pressure as well |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance of the opposing hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure; is essential for maintaining proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside the vasculature; hydrostatic pressure is greater at the arteriole end of the capillary bed pushing water out, while osmotic pressure is greater at the venule end which pushes water back in |
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Term
| What is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade? |
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Definition
| The activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin. Thrombin can then convert fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin ultimately forms small fibers that aggregate and cross-link into a woven structure that captures RBCs and other platelets forming a clot |
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Term
| What causes clots to break down? |
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Definition
| plasmin generated from plasminogen |
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