Term
| Population is a group of organisms of the same species. All individuals living in a particular place at the same time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Allele is an alternative form of a gene |
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Definition
| allele describes the trait |
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Term
| A gene pool of a population includes all the alleles for all the loci present in the population. |
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Term
| Locus (plural loci) is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. |
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Definition
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Definition
| (2n) organisms have a maximum of two alleles at each genetic locus |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of genetic variability in a population and forces that act on it |
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| Evolution of population is best understood in terms of frequencies of proportions of genotype, phenotype, and allele frequencies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proportion of a genotype in the population |
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Definition
| proportion of a phenotype in the population |
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Definition
| proportion of an allele of a given genetic locus in the population |
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Term
| states that allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation in a large population at genetic equilibrium (no evolution occurring) |
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Term
| Assuming random mating, determining the genotype in the next generation by using punnet square |
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Definition
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Term
In a population:
TT + 2Tt + tt = 100% or
TT + 2Tt + tt = 1 |
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Definition
If T = P, and t = q:
pp + 2pq + qq = 1 or
p(squared) + 2pq + q(squared) = 1 |
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Term
The allele frequencies of a population is described by p + q = 1
p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of the recessive allele |
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Definition
The genotype frequencies of a population are described by p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
-p2 is frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
-2pq is frequency of heterozygous genotype
-q2 is frequency of homozygous recessive genotype |
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Term
| What five conditions are required for genetic equilibrium to satisfy Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
1. Random mating
2. No net mutations
3. Large population size
4. No migration between populations
5. No natural selection |
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Term
| How often are the required conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg met? |
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Definition
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Term
Micro-evolution occurs due to changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation in a population
change in allele or genotype freq. in a population over successive generations
often involves relatively small or minor changes, few generations |
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Definition
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Term
| Micro-evolutionary forces that alter allele freq. in populations? |
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Definition
nonrandom mating
mutation
genetic drift
gene flow
natural selection |
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Term
nonrandom mating:
inbreeding and assortative mating |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations, unpredictable changes in DNA, source of new alleles |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic drift is a sudden decrease in population size by adverse environmental factors; some die, some couldn't participate in production of next generation |
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Definition
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Term
| Founder effect is a genetic drift that occurs when a small population colonizes a new area: decreases genetic variability |
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Definition
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Term
| gene flow, movement of alleles caused by migration of individuals btw populations |
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Definition
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Term
| natural selection changes genetic composition of population to favor a particular environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Four premises of evolution by natural selection by Charles Darwin |
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Definition
1. genetic variation
2. reproductive ability of each species
3. organisms compete with one another
4. offspring with most favorable characteristics |
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Term
| modes of natural selection |
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Definition
stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection |
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Term
| stabilizing selection favors the mean on phenotype extremes |
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Definition
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Term
| directional selection favors one phenotypic extreme over another causing shift in phenotypic mean |
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Definition
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Term
| disruptive selection favors two of more phenotypic extremes |
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