Fill in the blank

Fill in the blank

A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

B. Lysosome

C. Microfilaments

D. Vacuole

E. Ribosomes

F. Golgi Complex

G. Cell Membrane

H. Centrosome

I. Nucleus

J. Microtubule

K. Mitochondrion

Overall reaction of the Calvin- Benson Cycle:

• Found in Amical cells
• Extends throughout cytoplasm
• 2 regions: Rough & smooth

Which of the following structures are found in all cells? Select the best answer

A. Cell wall

B. Plasma Membrane

C.Nucleus

D. Cytoplasm

E. Ribosomes

F. B, D, and E

F. B, D, and E

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

F. None of the above

Which of the following is an incorrect statement concerning the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

E. all of the above.

Water droplet on top of a waterfall, glucose molecule, diver on a spring board, 9V battery

O2

(oh 2)

ATP is what?

A. A short term, energy storage compound?

B. The cells principlle compound for energy transfers

C. Synthesized within mitochondria

D. The molecule all living cells rely on to do work

E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Cell Theory:

3 things

1. every organism is composed of one or more cells

2. Cell is smallest unit having properties of life

3.Continuity of life arises from growth and division of single cells.

• Membranous sacs that move through cytoplasm
• Lysosomes ("garbage disposal system")
• Peroxisomes

• Smallest unit of life
• Can survive on its own or has potential to do so
• Highly organized for metabolism
• Senses and responds to environment
• HAS potential to reproduce

All start out life with:

-Plasma

-Region where DNA is stored

-Cytoplasm

TWO TYPES:

1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

• Have a nucleus and other organelles
• Eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, protistans, fungi)

• Keeps the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells separated from metabolic machinery of cytoplasm
• Makes it easier to organize DNA and copy it before parent cells divide into daughter cells

• Group of related organelles in which lipids are assembled and new polypeptide chains are modified
• Products are sorted and shipped to various destinations

• ATP producing powerhouses
• Membranes form 2 distinct compartments

Mitochondrial Origins:

• Resemble bacteria: have own DNA, ribosomes. Divide on their own
• May have evolved from ancient bacteria that were engulfed, but not digested

• Present in all eukaryotic cells
• Basis for cell shape and internal organization
• Allows organelle movement within cells and cell motility

Describe a plant cuticle:

• Cell secretions and waxes accumulate at plant cell surface.
• Semi-transparent
• Restricts water loss

• Uses streams of accelerated electrons rather than light
• Electrons are focused by magnets rather than glass lenses
• Can resolve structures down to 0.5 nm

Second Stage Reactions are.....

(2 of them)

Preparatory reactions and Krebs Cycle

Prokaryotic Cells:

• Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• DNA is not enclosed in nucleus
• Generally the smallest, simplest cells
• No membrane-bound organelles

• Plants make ATP during Photosynthesis
• Cells of all organisms make ATP by breaking down carbs, fats and protein

1. Anaerobic Pathways
2. Aerobic Pathways

• Evolved first
• Don't require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
• Completed in cytoplasm

• Evolved later
• Require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
• Completed in mitochondria

What are the roles of Coenzymes?

• Small molecules associated with an enzyme that participates in enzymatic catalysis
• NAD+, FAD, NADH, FADH2 are examples
• NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and hydrogen to become NADH and FADH2
• Deliver electrons and hydrogen to the electron transfer chain

1. Energy-requiring steps
2. Energy-releasing steps

• Pyruvate is oxidized into 3-carbon acetyl units and carbon dioxide
• NAD+ is reduced

• Acetyl units are oxidized to carbon dioxide
• NAD+ and FAD are reduced

The reactants and overall products in the Krebs cycle are:

(5 of them)

Reactants:           Products:  

• Acetyl......... Coenzyme A and 2 C02
• 3 NAD+....... 3 NADH
• FAD............ FADH2
• ADP and Pi.. ATP

• Occurs in the Mitochondria
• coenzymes deliver electrons to electron transfer chains
• Electron transfer sets up H+ ion gradients
• Flow of H+ down gradients powers ATP formation

2 things about the Importance of oxygen:

• Electron transport requires the presence of oxygen
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor molecule

What is the efficiency of Aerobic Respiration?

(2 things)

• Efficiency is only 39%
• Most energy is lost as heat

• Do not use oxygen
• Produces less ATP than earobic pathways

1. Fermentation Pathways
2. Anaerobic electron transport

What is the ATP yield in Anaerobic electron transport?

3 main components= Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETP

Yields at 36 ATP