A double membrane in which each membrane is a lipid bilayer.  

The double membrane is perforated by pore structures.  The pores contain intricate protein pore complexes that regulate what can come in and out of the nucleus.

The nuclear side of the membrane is lined with nuclear lamina protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Contained within the nucleus are the chromosomes and the Nucleolus

The Nucleolus is within the nucleus along with the DNA.

The Nucleolus creates Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).  The rRNA combines with proteins imported from the cytosol to create large and small Ribosomal components which then exit the nucleus and combine into Ribosomes out in the cytosol.

Ribosomes are complexes made of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.  They are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis.

Ribosomes are located floating in the Cytosol (these make proteins for use inside the cell) and bound to the ER (these make proteins for use outside the cell).

It consists of two components: Large subunit & Small Subunit

[image]

vesicles,

nuclear envelope,

endoplasmic reticulum,

Golgi apparatus,

lysosomes,

vacuoles

plasma membrane.

The ER is an extensive network of membranes that accounts for half of all membranes within the cell.

The membrane is an extension of the nuclear membrane and has an interior ER lumen (cavity)

[image]

Smooth ER

It is a part of the cell's endomembrane system and is therefore has a selectively permeable bilipid membrane.

Synthesis of Lipids (Steroids)

Stores calcium ions

Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Detoxification of drugs and Poisons by adding hydroxyl groups to the poison which makes them soluble and easier to flush from body.  

If your body has to reguarly detoxify drugs then you develop a larger ER membrane which means you develop a tolerance to the poison and it takes more poison or drug to affect you.

Rough ER

It is a part of the cell's endomembrane system and is therefore has a selectively permeable bilipid membrane.

1) Synthesis of polypeptide chains

2) Place for polypeptide chains to fold into Proteins

3) Attachment of carbohydrates to proteins to create Glycoproteins

4) Puts proteins destined to be secreted from cell (like insulin) into Transport Vesicles.

5) Creates the bilipid membranes for use by itself and all other membranes in the cell.  The newly made membranes reach other membranes as part of vesicles that are transporting other proteins.

Flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) that look like a stack of pita bread.  cells may have many or even hundreds of these stacks.

It is a part of the cell's endomembrane system and is therefore has a selectively permeable bilipid membrane.

It has a Cis face (receiving) and a

Trans face (shipping)

Vesicles containing proteins from the ER fuse with the Cis face and release their proteins into the Golgi apparatus.

The golgi apparatus modifies the proteins and attaches markers that will identiy where they are to go next.

Vesicles containing modifed proteins form on the Trans face  and leave the Golgi apparatus for other parts of the cell or to fuse with the Cell membrane to release their proteins into the extracellular.

[image] 

A lysosome is a membrane sac containing hydrolytic enzymes.  It is a part of the cell's endomembrane system and is therefore has a selectively permeable bilipid membrane.

Lysosomal enzymes work best in an acidic environment which exists inside the lysosome and are less effective when released into the cytosol which is PH neutral.

Lysosomes take in organisms or food particles or defective organelles via Phagocytosis (things from outside the cell) or autophagy  (things from inside the cell).

Lysosomes break down the object into organic monomers which are then returned to the Cytosol for reuse.

[image] 

Amoebas, other protists and White Blood cells engulf smaller organisms or food particles and form vesicles around them.  This food particle surrounded by a vesicle then fuses with a Lysosome which breaks it down into organic monomers which are released into the cytosol for reuse.

[image]

CIS side: Usually located closest to the ER and receives the vesicules from the ER

Trans side:  package modified proteins intended for secretion in vesicules to be sent to the bilipid plasma membrane

The central Vacuole is a part of the cell's endomembrane system and is therefore has a selectively permeable bilipid membrane.

It holds:

• Proteins needed if the cell is part of a seed
• Pigments (red, blue, etc) used to color the plant to attract pollinators
• Some contain chemicals that repel predators with their poison or bad taste
• hold cells stockpile of inorganic ions ( potassium & chloride)
• Store harmful by-products that would harm the cell if allowed to accumulate elsewhere
• Water

mitochondria can occasionally be a single entity but most often exist as hundred or even thousands (in cells that move or contract)of individual mitochondria.

they are 1-10 µm long

Contain two phospholipid bilayers.  The outer one is smooth but the inner one is convulated with infoldings called cristae.

The mitochondrial matrix is the space inside the inner membrane.

The intermembrane is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes.

It contains small circular DNA which makes some of the unique proteins in its phospholipid bilayer.

[image]

Chloroplasts are

They are 2µm wide by 5µm long

They have three bilipid membranes.  Two of them surround the entire cell.  The third consists of the membranes around all the thylakoids that are either floating indiviudally or in stacks granum.

The fluid between the inside membrane and the thylakoids is called Stroma.

The area between the two outside membranes is called the intermembrane.

[image]

Describe peroxisomes

[image]

Peroxisomes have a single bilipid membrane.  

They contain enxymes that transfer Hydrogen to Oxygen producing Hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂ as a by-product.

Some of the major processes are 

Using oxygen to break down fatty acids into smaller molecules that can then be transported into mitochondria for fuel.

Detoxify alcohol by transferring hydrogens from the poisons to oxygen.

they also breakdown their own by-product H₂O₂ back into water.

microtubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

Mechanical support to maintain cell structure and hold parts in place

Motility or movement.  Cytoskeletal elements and motor proteins work together to move cilia or flagella, to cause muscle cells to contract, or to move vesicles along monrails provided by the cytoskeleton.

Transfer information about mechanical stimulation to proteins on the outside of the cell to the inside via cytoskeletal elements

[image]

Microtubules are hollow rods about 25nm in diameter.

the wall is made of 13 coumns of a dimer (two units of protein working together - α-tubulin & β-tubulin.) globular protein.

the Plus side accumulates or loses dimers to grow or shrink the microtubules 

Provide tracks along which motor proteins can move

Cell motility - Flagella & Cillia

Moves chromosomes during cell division

Organelle movements

Signal antenna for sensing pressure outside of cell

[image]

The centrosome is a region often located near the nucleus.  The centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle

Within the centrosome are a pair of centrioles

Centrioles are microtubules.

Most centrioles are made up of nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder and reside within the centrosome.

[image]

Flagella are longer

there are only a few flagella per cell

Flagella use an undulating motion to exert force along the axis of the flagellum

There are large numbers of cillia per cell

Cillia work like ores in a boat

Cillia can be fixed in place.  when this happens then they act to move things along an area...trachea clearing mucus, move the egg towards the uterus, or as a signal receiving antenna (only 1 cillia per cell)

Both have 9 doublets of microtubules along their walls and 2 doublets in the center ---- 9+2 arrangement

[image]

Myosin filaments "walk" along an Actin filament pulling two webs of Myosin filaments towards each other and causing the cell to contract.  Many many cells shortening in this way cause your arm to contract.

This is also how an amoeba moves.

[image]

Keratin

create a cage to hold the nucleus in place

create the nuclear lamina that lines the interior of the nuclear envelope

Act as an internal skeleton to maintain shape of cell

[image]