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Definition
| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alochol or lactic acid |
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Definition
| The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
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| A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction |
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| The loss of electrons from one substance |
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| The addition of electrons to another substance |
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| The electron donor in a redox reaction |
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| The elctron acceptor in a redox reaction |
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| Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism |
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Definition
| A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
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| The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metbolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration |
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Definition
| Involves eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |
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Definition
| Acetyle coenzyme A; the entry compound from the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
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| An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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| An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis |
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| Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen |
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| TLacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it |
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Definition
| The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alchohol |
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Definition
| The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
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Definition
| A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
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