Term
| Why is green algae studied along with land plants instead of protist groups? |
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Definition
. Closest living relative to land plants ad form a monophyletic group w/ them
o 2. The transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from green algae |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all organisms in a particular area, along w physical components (atmosphere,surface water, precipiration, nutrients, sunlight, soil, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
enhance life-supporting attributes of atmosphere, surface water, soil, and other physical components of ecosystem
• Alter the environment in ways that benefit many other organisms |
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Term
| What are the ecosystems services they provide? |
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Definition
| Plants produce/provide oxygen, build and hold soil, are primary producers of chemical energy, hold water and moderate climate. |
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Term
| Describe the food chain starting with primary producers. |
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Definition
Plants are the • Dominant primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems
o Primary producers convert energy in light into chemical energy
o Sugars they produce by photosyn. Support virtually all organisms in terrestrial
• They are eaten by herbivores
• These consumers are eaten by carnivores
• Omnivores feed at several levels in food chain: plants, herbivores, and carnivores |
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Term
| How do plants interact in the global carbon cycle? |
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Definition
• Take CO2 from atmosphere and reduce it to make sugars
• Although they produce a lot of CO2 from cell respiration, they fix much more than they release
• Loss of plants has led to increased CO2 in atmosphere, which in turn is responsible for rapid warming |
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Term
| What do plants do for humans? |
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Definition
| They provide us with food, fuel, fiber, building materials, and many important medicines |
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Term
| How do biologists study green algae and land plants? |
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Definition
• To understand how green plants originated and diversified, biologists analyze
o 1. Morphological traits
o 2. The fossil record
o 3. Phylogenetic trees estimated from similarities and differences in DNA sequences form homologous genes
• 3 are complementary and give clear picture of how land plants evolved from green algae and then diversified |
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Term
| Morphological similarities of green algae and land plants |
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Definition
o Chloroplasts contain photosyn pigments chlorophyll a and b and accessory pigment beta carotene
o Similar arrangements of thylakoids – internal, membranebound sacs
o Cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes are similar in structure and composition
o Chloroplasts synthesize starch as a storage product |
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Term
| Algal groups most like land plants? |
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Definition
| Coleochaetes and Charophyceae |
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Term
| Based on morphology, land plants can be in 3 different groups.. what are they? |
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Definition
| Non vascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, and seed plants with vascular tissue |
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Term
| Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) |
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Definition
| that lack vascular tissue – specialized groups of cells that conduct water and nutrients from one part of the plant body to another. Moss is an example |
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Term
| . Seedless vascular plants |
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Definition
| have vascular tissue but do not make seeds. A seed consists of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer. Ferns are an example |
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Term
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Definition
| Seed plants have vascular tissue. The flowering plants, or angiosperms (encased-seeds) are seed plants |
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Term
| ..First evidence of land plants: cuticle, spores, sporangia? |
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Definition
| 475 million years ago. Origin of land plants |
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Term
| Silurian-Devonian explosion, most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbiniferous period... lycophytes and horestails abundant. Also extensive coal-forming swamps |
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Definition
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Term
| gymnosperms abundant, wet and dry environments with green plants for first time |
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Definition
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Term
| angiosperms abundant. diversification of flowering plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ..First evidence of land plants: cuticle, spores, sporangia? |
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Term
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Definition
| Silurian-Devonian explosion, most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbiniferous period... lycophytes and horestails abundant. Also extensive coal-forming swamps |
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Term
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Definition
| gymnosperms abundant, wet and dry environments with green plants for first time |
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Term
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Definition
| angiosperms abundant. diversification of flowering plants |
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Term
| What is green algae famously responsible for |
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Definition
| Oxygenating Earth's atmosphere and making diverse and abundant life possible on our planet. Only reason we're alive is because of them. Well not only reason. OK shut up now. Get back to studying |
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Term
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Definition
| Cuticle is a watertight barrier that coats today’s land plants and helps them resist drying |
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Term
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Definition
| which encases spores and pollen from modern land plants and helps them resist drying |
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Term
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Definition
| A spore-producing structure found in seed plants, some protists, and some fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| A vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers. The gymnosperms include four lineages of green plants (cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, and gnetophytes) |
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Term
| What lineages of green plants are in gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, and gnetophytes, pines/spruces/firs, redwoods/junipers/yews |
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Term
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Definition
| A PARAPHYLETIC group of photosynthetic organisms that contain chloroplasts similar to those in green plants. Often classified as protists, they are the closest living relatives of land plants and form a monophyletic group with land plants |
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Term
| Key observations about the phylogenetic tree for land plants and green algae? page 552 |
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Definition
| The green plants are monophyletic, The initial splitting events on the tree, near the root, lead to lineages of green algae, o 3. Green algae are paraphyletic,o 4. Charophyceae are closest living relative to land plants,Land plants are monophyletic, . The bryophytes or non-vascular plants are the earliest branching groups among land plants, . The non-vascular plants form a grade – a sequence of lineages,The seed less vascular plants form a grade, but vascular plants as a whole are monophyletic, The seed plants – the gymnosperms plus angiosperms – are monophyletic., The gymnosperms are a monophyletic group, as are the angiosperms |
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Term
| How did plants adapt to dry conditions? |
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Definition
| Preventing water loss with the cuticle and stomata, and achieving upright growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Actively selecting individuals with the largest and most nutritious seeds, leaves, or other plant parts year after year, our ancestors gradually changed the characteristics of certain wild species. |
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Definition
| a watertight sealant that covers aboveground parts of plants and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments |
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Term
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Definition
| (plural stomata) – consists of an opening surrounded by specialized guard cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the opening of the stoma, opens or closes as the guard cells change shape |
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Term
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Definition
| get flaccid due to outflow of water and close the stomata to limit water loss from the plant and get turgid due to inflow of water, they open the pore |
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Term
• Two problems need to be overcome for plants to grow erect in a dry environment
o 1. Transporting water from tissues in contact with wet soil to tissues in contact w dry air, against gravity and
o 2. Becoming rigid enough to avoid falling over in response to gravity and wind
What solved the problem? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a complex polymer built from six-carbon rings
• Super strong and effective in resisting gravity |
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Term
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Definition
long, thin, tapering cells that have:
o 1. A thickened, lignin-containing secondary cell wall in addition to a cellulose-based primary cell wall
o 2. Pits in sides and ends of the cell where secondary cell wall is absent so water can flow efficiently from one tracheid to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter and wider than tracheids, their upper and lower ends have gaps where BOTH the primary and secondary cell wall are missing |
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Term
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Definition
| • In stems/branches of some vasculars, tracheids or combo of tracheids and vessels van form extremely strong support material |
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Term
| The 3 key adaptations that allowed early plants to colonize land? |
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Definition
| Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue |
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Term
| When convergence occurs... |
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Definition
| similar traits evolve independently in two distinct lineages |
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Term
| How do plants reproduce in dry conditions? |
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Definition
| spores that resist drying, they are encased in a tough coat of sporopollenin. |
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Term
| What other two innovations other than sporopollenin made for efficient reproduction in dry environments? |
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Definition
1.Gametes produced in complex, multicellular structures
o 2. The embryo retained on the parent (mother) plant and was nourished by it |
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Term
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Definition
| o Sperm producing structure |
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Term
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Definition
| o egg-producing structure |
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Term
| Gametangium (plural gametangia) |
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Definition
| The gamete-forming structure found in all land plants except for angiosperms. Contains a sperm-producing antheridium and an egg-producing archegonium. |
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Term
| Second innovation that occurred in evolution and allowed for land plant reproduction? |
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Definition
evolution involved the eggs that formed inside archegonia
• Instead of shedding eggs into water or soil, land plants retain them.• In contrast to zygotes of green algae, zygotes of all land plants begin to develop on the parent plant, forming a multicellular embryo that remains attached to the parent and can be nourished by it |
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Term
| How does green algal retain their eggs? |
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Definition
retained in green algal lineages most closely related to land plants
• In these guys, like Charales, sperm swim to the egg, fertilization occurs, and zygote stays attached to parent
o Before or after fertilization, egg or zygote receives nutrients from mother plant
o Parent plant dies as temp drops and zygote remains on dead parental tissue, settling to bottom of lake or pond and overwinters
o In spring, meiosis occurs and resulting spores develop into haploid adult plants |
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Term
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Definition
| An increasing popular name for the lineage called land plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that nourishes its embryos inside its own body. All land plants do this. |
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| A life cycle involveing alternation of a multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) with a multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte). Occurs in most plants and some protists as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellular HAPLOID stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Multicellular DIPLOID stage |
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Term
| Basic steps of alternation of generations |
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Definition
o 1. Sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, spores are haploid
o 2. Spores divide by mitosis and develop into a haploid gametophyte
o 3. Gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis. Both gametophyte and gametes are haploid
o 4. Two gametes unite during fertilization to form a diploid zygote
o 5. The zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
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Term
| Differences between zygotes and spores |
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Definition
o 1. Zygotes and spores are both single cells that divide by mitosis to form a multicell individual
o 2. Zygotes result from fusion of 2 cells, such as a sperm and an egg, but spores are not formed by the fusion of 2 cells
o 3. Zygotes produce sporophytes, spores produce gametophytes
4. Spores are produced inside structures called sporangia; gametes are produced inside |
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Term
| Gametophyte vs sporophyte dependent cycles in land plants |
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Definition
| • In non vascular plants like mosses, the sporophyte is small and short lived and largely dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition. • In contrast, ferns and other VASCULAR plants, the sporophyte is much larger and longer lived than the gametophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| – the production of two distinct types of spore-producing structures and thus two distinct types of spores |
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Term
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Definition
| they produce a single type of spore |
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Term
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Definition
| are spore-producing structures that produce microspores |
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Term
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Definition
| develop into male gametophytes, which produce the small gametes called sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-producing structures that produce megaspores |
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Term
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Definition
| develop into female gametophytes, which produce the large gametes called eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| In heterosporous seed plants, the microspore germinates to form a tiny male gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat of sporopollenin, resulting in a pollen grain. They can be exposed to the air for long periods of time without drying. They are carried by wind or animals |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure that includes an embryo and a food supply surrounded by a tough coat |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the key reproductive strucutres of the flower. Includes an anther, where microsporangia develop. Meiosis occurs inside the microsporangia, forming microspores. They then divide by mitosis to form pollen grains |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a protective structure called an ovary where the ovules are found |
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Term
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Definition
| They contain the megasporangia. A cell inside the megasporangium divides by meiosis to form the female gametophyte |
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