Term
| Who discovered DNA and when? |
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Definition
| James Watson and Francis Crick,1953 |
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Term
| What shape was DNA discovered in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Was first to figure out DNA shape |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three componets of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| 1.)5 carb sugar 2.)phosphate group 3.) Nitrogenous base |
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Term
| The "rungs" or "backbone" of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| THe steps or middle of the helix (DNA)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of bonds that hold DNA together are? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Purine and Pyrimidines in DNA? |
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Definition
| Pur:Adenine(A) and Guanine (G) *these are larger Pyr:Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) +smaller |
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Term
| In DNA what nucleotides pair together? |
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Definition
| A pairs with T and C pairs with G |
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Term
| DNA's level of orginization? |
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Definition
smallest:Nucleotide,DNA,genes,
Chromosomes,Nucleus,
Cells,Largest:Organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Function of a DNA cell is? |
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Definition
| Provides instruction for an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Decides what protein will be made |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry the message and do the work |
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Term
| DNA makes protein through a 3 step process; which are? |
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Definition
| DNA replication,Transcription,translation |
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Term
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Definition
| process of copying CNA in cells |
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Term
| Replication takes place in the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Decribe what happens in the steps of Replication? |
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Definition
| 1.)Helicase "unzips" or seperates 2.)DNA polymerase begins to assemble the new DNA |
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Term
| What happens if something goes wrong in replication? |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase trys to proofread DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Uracil,Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine |
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Term
| 3 differences between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| RNA:sugar=ribose,single stranded,Uracil replaces thymine DNA:sugar=deoxtribose,double stranded,bases are ATCG |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.)carries message to other parts o' cell 2.)controlsa the assem. o' amino acids into proteins 3.) Carries message outside nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA:carries copies o' instructions from assem.proteins rRNA:make up ribosome translate to RNA tRNA:carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches em to mRNA message |
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Term
| Transcription takes place in the? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
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Term
| The what in RNA polymerase carries the message? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each 3 letter word in mRNA is called a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifyt a particular amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interpretation of the genetic message,change from mRNA to protein |
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Term
| Where does translation take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Des. the translation steps? |
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Definition
| 1.mRNA moves through the ribosome 2.codons from mRNA are translated into amino acids 1 by 1 3. (formation of polypeptides) ribosomes adds each amino acid brought to it by tRNA to the growing end of a polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| rod shaped,tightly packed DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins DNA is wrapped around |
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Term
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Definition
| shape of DNA in between cell division (looks like a knot) |
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Term
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Definition
| rod shaped,tightly packed DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all other chromosomes besides XX and XY |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with 2 "2N" sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with 1 set of chromosomes "1N" |
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Term
| Diploid and Hapolid # in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell division in prokaryotes? "unicellular" |
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Definition
| tihs is called binary fission-when cells divide into 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.interphase 2.prophase 3.metaphase 4.anaphase 5.telophase "IPMAT" |
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Term
| Interphase(1st stage of cell division) describe? |
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Definition
| Preps cell for division,G1(cell grows,develops),S(DNA duplicates),G2 (Cell grows),DNA is in coils (chromatin) |
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Term
| Prophase (2nd stage of Cell Division) describe? |
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Definition
| replicated DNA condenses into chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| results in 2 cells that are genetically identical to the original |
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Term
| Metaphase(3rd step in cell division) describe? |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell,attach to spindle fibers o' centromere |
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Term
| Anaphase(4th step in cell division) describe? |
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Definition
| spindle fibers are pulled apart |
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Term
| Telophase(5th or last step in cell division) describe? |
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Definition
| 2 new nuclei form,chromosomes form as chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of gametes (reproductive cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| results in 4 cells that are NOT genetically identical to the original |
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Term
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Definition
| meiosis in the testes of males-produces sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| meiosis in the ovaries of females-produces eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.Meiosis I a.prophase 1 b.metaphase I c.anaphase I d.telophase I and cytokinesis I 2.Meiosis II b.metaphase II c.anaphase II d.telophase II and cytokinesis II |
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Term
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Definition
| creates 4 unique chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis II produces_new cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between meiosis and mitosis? |
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Definition
| After mitosis, each of the daughter cells will have exact same DNA strands, while after meiosis each daughter cell will only have half of the DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of mitosis or cellular division(cell ignore or don't havbe check points) |
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Term
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Definition
| E:pollution,sun,smoking G:runs in fam |
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Term
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Definition
1.Chemo (med-pills or injection)
2.radiation (zap cells)
3.surgery (removal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells without a code for a specific job yet |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of heredity and how traits are passed on from parent to offspring |
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Term
| Who's the "father or genetics"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Medel studied _ over a period of _ years he studied _ traits? |
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Definition
| He studied garden pease,7 traits over 9 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.height 2.seed shape 3.flower color 4.pod chape 5.pod color 6.flower position 7.seed coat color |
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Term
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Definition
| One factor (allele) may mask the other factor (allele) for a specific characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of factors (alleles) is separated during the formation of gametes |
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Term
| Law of independent assortment? |
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Definition
| Factors (alleles) for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular hereditary traits |
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Term
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Definition
| each of 2 or more alternative forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| pair of alleles for a trait (one from each parent) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Both alleles are the same |
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Term
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Definition
| Both alleles are different |
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Term
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Definition
| involves two pairs of traits |
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Term
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Definition
| traits blend in offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| both traits are exhibited in the offspring |
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Term
| How are Genotypes and Phenotypes portrayed after a punnett square? |
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Definition
G:BB:Bb
P:100% black 0% blue |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves one pair of traits |
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Term
| What's the scientific name for a fruit fly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do scientists use Drosophila Melanogaster? |
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Definition
| 1.few weeks between generations 2. small and easy to maintain 3.8 chromosomes 4.no one cares about disposal |
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Term
| Why do scientists use Drosophila Melanogaster? |
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Definition
| 1.few weeks between generations 2. small and easy to maintain 3.8 chromosomes 4.no one cares about disposal |
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Term
| Why do scientists use Drosophila Melanogaster? |
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Definition
| 1.few weeks between generations 2. small and easy to maintain 3.8 chromosomes 4.no one cares about disposal |
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Term
| Who's Thomas Hunt Morgan? |
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Definition
| Discovered Sex chromosomes |
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Term
| SRY gene-what does it stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1.Occur in gamete 2.Don't affect an organism itself 3.can be passed on |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.Occur in original body cells 2.Cannot be passed on |
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance that disrupts normal DNA fomation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| failure of homologous chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| nondisjunction of entire sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove some fluid from sac-can analyze cells floating in the fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that grow between Uterus and placenta can analyze cells as well |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics are influenced by several genes |
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Term
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Definition
| tratis that are infl. by genes and enviorment |
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Term
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Definition
| genes with 3 or more alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| tool used by genticists to predict the probability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of parts of no homologous chr. pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of part of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| transport that does require cell energy (ATP) |
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Term
| Name the two types of Active Transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's a cell membrane protein pump? |
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Definition
| Carrier proteins carry L to H concentration,open and close due to protein |
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Term
| Endocytosis? (part of Bulk transport) |
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Definition
| cell membrane ingests a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell getting rid o' materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Does NOT require cell energy (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement o' molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until quilibrium is reached |
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Term
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Definition
| concentraiton of molecules is same as or = as the space they occupy |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of H to L concentration until equilibrium is reacher |
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Term
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Definition
| Ions are transported through proteins called ion of H to L concentration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| equal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| high solute concentraiton |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining a relatively stable internal environment inside of a multi-cell organism |
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Term
| Cell membranes maintain homeostasis in what two ways? |
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Definition
Passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Active transport: endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis. |
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Term
| Diffusion through ion channels? |
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Definition
| Ion channels have a hydrophilic core for solutes or ions to pass through. When they are open, ions can pass through them by facilitated diffusion, down concentration gradient. |
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Term
| Photosynthesis occurs in the? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses solar energy to power the process that makes organic molecules |
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Term
| Cellular respiration takes place in the _ of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Autotrophs v. Heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| A:self feeders,make own food from inorganic ingredients,producer H:Other feeders,consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2(carbon diox.)+6H2O(water)->C6H12O6(Glucose)+6O2(oxygen) *note everything after arrow is a product,everything BEFORE is a reactant |
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Term
| Photosynthesis use _ to make _? |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis uses sunlight to make food (glucose) |
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Term
| Chlorophyll does what to a leaf? |
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Definition
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Term
| Light reaction vs. dark reaction? |
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Definition
| L:convert solar to chem energy (ATP) D:make sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Pigments associated with photosynthesis? (there are three,and give colors) |
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Definition
| 1.Chlorophyll-green 2.CAROTenoids-yellow,orange,and brown 3.Xanthophyll-light yellow |
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Term
| What's cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Obtaining energy from food |
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Term
| Cellular respiration equation? (PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THIS ARE THE SAME,JUST OPPOSITES!) |
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Definition
| C6H12O6(Glucose)+6O2(Oxygen)->6CO2(Carbon Dioxide)+6H2O(Water)+ATP |
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Term
| 2 types of metabolism for respiration? |
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Definition
| Aerobis-occurs when enough oxy. reaches cell to support energy needs Anaerobic-NOT enough oxygen |
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Term
| Name the 3 steps for Aerobic Respiration? |
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Definition
| 1.Glycolysis-breakdown o' glucose into pyruvic acid 2.Kreb's Cycle-completes breakdown o' sugar 3.Electron Transport-yields the most energy |
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Term
| The snail/elodea lab...the plants and snail relate to each other because? |
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Definition
| they are related becasue the equations have the same products and reactants,one can NOT perfrom without the other |
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