Term
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Definition
1. Enzymatic Reactions
2. Oxidation
3. Microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecular oxygen is somewhat toxic, can be partially reduced to ROS (reactive oxygen species) - superoxide and hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
| Food Spoilage: Antioxidants |
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Definition
1. Superoxide dismutase - converts superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
2. Catalase - converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen |
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Term
| Food spoilage of dairy products |
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Definition
1. Sour taste - lactic and acetic acid made by bacteria
2. Denaturation - proteolysis of casein and decreased pH
3. Bitter taste - protein degradation by bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
1. Rancid taste - oxidation of lipids in mean and lipids produced by bacteria
2. Smell - degradation of amino acids |
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Term
| Industrial Fermentation types |
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Definition
1. Fixed cycle: ingredients and microbes added, cycle ends when processing finished
2. Continuous cycle: ingredients and water continuously added for microbes |
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Term
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Definition
Replicative life span: # of daughter cells mother can produce
Chronological life span: time nondividing yeast cells can live after nutrients have been removed |
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Term
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Definition
DNA polymerase III: adds nucleotides
All fix Polymerase III problems -
DNA Clamp: holds III to DNA; increases rate by 1000x
Primase: adds RNA so Pol III can bind
RNaseH: removes RNA primer
DNA Polymerase I: fills in gap from missing RNA
Ligase: closes small nick, puts in phosphate
Gyrase: unwinds DNA
helicase: opens 2 strands |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA becomes RNA through transcription and then proteins through translation |
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Term
| Differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
RNA has an OH on 2' carbon (ribose) and DNA has H on 2' C (deoxyribose)
RNA is single stranded making it weaker and unstable, DNA is doublestranded
RNA has Uracil, DNA has Thymine |
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Term
| Transcription: Initiation |
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Definition
1. Sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase
2. Sigma factor binds the promoter to DNA
3. RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and begins to transcribe RNA
Then undergoes Elongation |
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Term
| Transcription: Termination |
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Definition
Rho-dependent Termination:
1. Transcription pauses as RNA polymerase reaches hairpin loop
2. Rho binds to RNA and dissocates polymerase
Rho Independent Termination
1. RNA polymerase reaches hairpin
2. pauses at region of adenines
3. RNA polymerase dissocates from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Average half life of 1 to 3 minutes
AUG --> Met = start sequence
UAA, UAG, UGA = stop sequence |
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Term
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Definition
2 subunits, 30s (small) + 50s (large) = 70s
A site: where amino acid enters
P site: where Amino acid is joined to chain
E site: where amino acid exits |
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Term
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Definition
1. IF3 brings 30s to mRNA
2. 30s binds to sequence
3. IF1 blocks A site
4. IF2 brings methionine to P site
5. 50s binds to 30s and releases, IF1, IF2 and GTP |
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Term
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Definition
1. EF-Tu binds a tRNA and moves it to A
2. Peptidyltransferase creates bonds between two amino acids
3. EF-G moves the 50s subunit forward
4. 30s subunit follows forward and tRNA exits
2 elongation factors:
EF-tu moves tRNA to site A
EF-G moves 50s subunit forward |
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Term
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Definition
1. RF1 or RF2 binds to A site
2. Peptidyltransferase releases tRNA from polypeptide
3. RF3 removes RF1 or RF2
4. RRF and EF-G break apart subunits
5. IF3 binds to 30s subunit |
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