Term
| What are the 6 most abundant elements on earth? (from most to least abundant) |
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Definition
C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
N - Nitrogen
O - Oxygen
P - Phosphorus
S - Sulfur |
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Term
| What are the two things all organisms require? |
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Definition
An electron source (i.e. food)
An electron sink (i.e. oxygen) |
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Term
| What macromolecules give the most energy? |
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Definition
1. Lipids
2. Carbohydrates
3. Phosphates |
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Term
| Types of carbon bounds and associative energies |
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Definition
C-H bonds: most reduced, least stable, responsible for long term storage
C-C: intermediate storage
C-O: most oxidized, most stable, used for intermediate storage |
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Term
| C, O, and H form acidic compounds but nitrogen forms bases. Why are basic compounds needed? |
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Definition
1. To make molecules more reactive
2. To give molecules a positive charge |
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Term
| What is sulfur responsible for? |
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Definition
| Holding proteins together |
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Term
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Definition
Made from long chains for reduced C (C-H bonds)
Saturated lipids: no double bonds, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated lipids: 1 double bond, liquids at room temperature |
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Term
| Straight chains of carbons in lipids are hard to metabolize, what do cells do to fix this? |
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Definition
Attach lipids to fatty acids to create chains, this makes the molecule hydrophilic so it can be metabolized.
These attach together to form micelles, which become lipid bilayers. |
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Term
| Definition: Carbohydrates |
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Definition
Carbons are usually partially oxidized, hydrated to form CH2O
H H H
C--C--C
OH OH OH
Beta glucose has an OH group pointing up on the sixth carbon, where Alpha glucose has the OH group pointing down |
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Term
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Definition
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = galactose + glucose |
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Term
| What is function of polysaccharides? |
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Definition
1. Used as energy storage molecules
2. For creating rigid structures (like cell walls) |
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Term
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Definition
A polymer of amino acids
The alpha carbon is chiral (4 different functional groups attached to it)
Made of at least 30 amino acids, average is 250
The side chains of peptides interact and dehydrate to form structures |
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Term
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Definition
1. Primary - amino acid sequence or chain
2. Secondary - folding at small domains (creates Alpha helixes and Beta pleated sheets)
3. Tertiary - folding of whole protein, can form multiple structures
4. Quaternary - assemblages of proteins |
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Term
| What are the 5 similarities between microbes and us? |
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Definition
1. Lipids and polysaccharides used for energy
2. Lipid membranes
3. Polysaccharides used for support
4. Proteins made from amino acids
5. Nucleic acids used for information |
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Term
| What are the five nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
Purines: (2 ring structures)
Adenine
Guanine
Pyrimidines: (1 ring structures)
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil |
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Term
| What are the differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
RNA is less stable because of the extra OH group
RNA will be up to 100,000 nucleotides, DNA will be chains of millions
Viruses can use only RNA
DNA strands are held together by H bonds (C-G bonds are stronger with 3 bonds than A-T bonds which have 2)
DNA can be further coiled around histones to make chromatin |
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Term
| Important structures found only in bacterial cytoplasm: |
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Definition
Nucleoid: looped coils of bacterial chromosomes --> DNA
Inclusion body: stores energy containing material, 3 chemicals found inside
1. Glycogen
2. Butyric Acid
3. Phosphoric Acid |
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Term
| What are the 2 cytoskeleton proteins found in prokaryotes and what is there functions? |
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Definition
MreB: like actin, forms coil in rod shaped bacteria
FtsZ: like tibulin, associates around septum |
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Term
| Information about Gram positive bacteria: |
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Definition
Stain purple due to simpler cell envelope structure
Can only be bacilli or cocci
Cell wall is made of one molecule
Sugar chains are linked by peptides=peptidoglycan
Made of NAG (N-Acetylglucosamine) and NAM (N-Acetylmuramic acid)
9 Amino acids in side chains
Has teichoic acid (Gram - do not) that is covalently bonded to peptidoglycan and makes cell wall acidic (protects against digestive enzymes) |
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Term
| How antibiotics affect prokaryotes: |
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Definition
Kill prokaryotes by disrupting cell walls
Penicillin: prevents peptide crosslinks at D-alanine
Lysozyme: found in the eye, disrupts between NAG and NAM |
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Term
| Surface structures found on prokaryotes |
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Definition
Periplasmic space: between plasma membrane and cell wall, smaller in Gram positives
Capsule: slime layer (only in Gram +'s) that protects against enzymes, antibiotics and the immune system
S-layer: crystalline protein coat
Fimbriae: protein tubes for adhesion
Flagellum: propel by rotation, 3 kinds -
1. Peritrichous - entire surface covered
2. Lophotrichous - many concentrated on one end
3. Monotrichous - only one |
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Term
| What are the two types of spiral bacteria? |
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Definition
Spirilla - rigid
Spirochetes - flexible |
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