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27.1. Schwann cells are unique in that they
A) do not have a nucleus
B) have a plasma membrane made almost entirely out of lipid
C) make food by photosynthesis
D) are never found in the peripheral nervous system
E) none of the above |
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27.2. _______________thought that the brain was made of a single multinucleate cell and _____________thought that the brain was made up of billions of cells.
A) John Eccles, Karl Popper
B) Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Camillio Golgi
C) Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal
D) James Watson, Francis Crick
E) Aristotle, Plato |
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Definition
| Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
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27.3. Ion channels act as _____________that reduce the activation energy or thermal energy that would be necessary to move a charged ion through a hydrophobic lipid bilayer.
A) antibodies
B) antigens
C) enzymes
D) substrates
E) allergens |
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27.4. The distribution of ions on the two sides of a membrane leads to a voltage across the membrane known as the______________.
A) ionic potential
B) exocytotic potential
C) endocytotic potential
D) membrane potential
E) valence potential |
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27.4. The distribution of ions on the two sides of a membrane leads to a voltage across the membrane known as the______________.
A) ionic potential
B) exocytotic potential
C) endocytotic potential
D) membrane potential
E) valence potential |
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27.5. ln ([ion]out/[ion]in) is____________ when the outside concentration is greater than the inside concentration of an ion and _______________when the outside concentration is less than the inside concentration of an ion.
A) positive, negative
B) negative, positive
C) neutral, positive
D) negative, neutral
E) negative, negative |
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27.6. A(n)__________________ of an electrically excitable cell like a post-synaptic neuron promotes an action potential and a(n) ______________ of the same cell inhibits an action potential.
A) repolarization, polarization
B) hyperpolarization, depolarization
C) depolarization, hyperpolarization
D) depletion, repletion
E) isopolarization, anisopolarization |
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Definition
| depolarization, hyperpolarization |
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27.7. During an action potential along an axon in a human, the depolarization of the membrane initially causes:
A) activation of sodium channels
B) inactivation of sodium channels
C) inactivation of calcium channels
D) inactivation of potassium channels
E) activation of chloride channels |
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Definition
| activation of sodium channels |
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27.6. A(n)__________________ of an electrically excitable cell like a post-synaptic neuron promotes an action potential and a(n) ______________ of the same cell inhibits an action potential.
A) repolarization, polarization
B) hyperpolarization, depolarization
C) depolarization, hyperpolarization
D) depletion, repletion
E) isopolarization, anisopolarization |
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Definition
| depolarization, hyperpolarization |
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27.8. Given the fact that the potassium concentration inside the cell is usually greater than the potassium concentration outside the cell, opening more potassium channels will result in:
A) a hyperpolarization of the membrane
B) a depolarization of the membrane
C) no change in the membrane potential but a stimulation of respiration
D) no change in the membrane potential but an inhibition of respiration
E) none of the above |
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Definition
| a hyperpolarization of the membrane |
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27.9. Which of the following is false concerning an axon in a resting state?
A) the membrane is highly permeable to sodium ions
B) the membrane has a negative charge on the inside
C) the membrane is impermeable to large organic ions
D) potassium ion concentration is higher inside than outside
E) sodium ion concentration is higher outside than inside |
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Definition
| the membrane is highly permeable to sodium ions |
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27.10. An action potential moves down a myelinated neuron with a velocity of about____________.
A) 0.015 m/s
B) 0.15 m/s
C) 0.5 m/s
D) 5 m/s
E) 150 m/s |
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27.11. A myelinated axon propagates an action potential ____________ a non-myelinated axon.
A) that utilizes both sodium influx and chloride efflux unlike
B) that utilizes chloride ions unlike
C) the same speed as
D) slower than
E) faster than |
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27.12. ________________is an autoimmune disease that destroys the myelin sheath of nerves.
A) AIDS
B) Epilepsy
C) Pellagra
D) Muscular dystrophy
E) Multiple sclerosis |
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27.13. When a neuron membrane is held at a depolarized potential, the sodium ions stop flowing into the cell because:
A) potassium ions flow out
B) acetylcholine is released
C) the sodium channels become inactivated
D) new genes are expressed
E) the cAMP concentration falls |
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Definition
| the sodium channels become inactivated |
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27.15. Tetrodotoxin is an inhibitor of__________________.
A) a potassium channel
B) acetylcholine esterase
C) a calcium channel
D) a sodium channel
E) monoamine oxidases |
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27.16. Tetrodotoxin, the neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels is isolated from:
A) the puffer fish used to make (fugu) sashimi
B) rattlesnakes
C) scorpions
D) mushrooms
E) all of the above |
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Definition
| the puffer fish used to make (fugu) sashimi |
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27.17. Action potentials move unidirectionally down an axon because there is a ______________period in which a section of membrane cannot be stimulated again.
A) olfactory
B) gustatory
C) refractory
D) factory
E) adrenalectomy |
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27.18. The conducting part of the membrane between the Schwann cells is known as the
A) gap junction
B) tight junction
C) node of Ranvier
D) parts of Schwann
E) islets of Langerhans |
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27.19. ______________is a disease caused by the degradation of the myelin sheath by the cytotoxic T cells.
A) Diabetes
B) Lupis
C) Schizophrenia
D) Muscular dystrophy
E) Multiple sclerosis |
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27.20. The idea that there is no need to consider the possibility of chemical messengers participating in signally across the neuromuscular junction, when one already knows of the existence of electrical messengers that can jump across small spaces, like the nodes of Ranvier, invokes______________.
A) Nernst’s Law
B) The first law of thermodynamics
C) The second law of thermodynamics
D) Occam’s razor
E) von Baer’s Law |
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27.21. Botox prevents wrinkles and frowning by:
A) inhibiting actomyosin
B) inhibiting monoamine oxidase
C) blocking serotonin re-uptake
D) blocking dopamine release
E) blocking acetylcholine release |
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Definition
| blocking acetylcholine release |
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Term
27.22. Botulism is harmful because the toxin:
A) inhibits actomyosin
B) inhibits monoamine oxidase
C) blocks serotonin re-uptake
D) blocks dopamine release
E) blocks acetylcholine release |
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Definition
| blocks acetylcholine release |
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27.23. _______________ would be a sign of botulism.
A) A severe cough
B) Itchy skin
C) The inability to move your muscles in response to a neural stimulus
D) Uncontrollable bleeding
E) Bleeding gums |
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Definition
| The inability to move your muscles in response to a neural stimulus |
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27.24. An action potential stimulates neurotransmitter release at the pre-synaptic membrane by:
A) depolarizing the membrane which opens sodium channels
B) depolarizing the membrane which opens calcium channels
C) hyperpolarizing the membrane and opening chloride channels
D) activating G proteins and increasing the cAMP concentration
E) inhibiting G proteins and decreasing the cAMP concentration |
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Definition
| depolarizing the membrane which opens calcium channels |
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27.25. ___________acts as a second messenger in presynaptic neurons by coupling the stimulus of the action potential to the neurotransmitter secretion response.
A) Ca2+
B) Na+
C) Cl-
D) O2
E) H2O |
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27.26. The excitatory (EPSP) graded potential results from the activation of
A) voltage-independent Na+ channels
B) voltage-dependent Na+ channels
C) voltage-independent K+ channels
D) voltage-dependent K+ channels
E) voltage-independent Cl- channels |
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Definition
| voltage-independent Na+ channels |
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27.28. The inhibitory (IPSP) graded potential results from the activation of
A) voltage-independent Na+ channels
B) voltage-dependent Na+ channels
C) voltage-independent K+ channels
D) voltage-independent Cl- channels
E) Both C and D |
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27.29. When a large number of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) and a small number of inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSP) are evoked, the post-synaptic membrane is depolarized and the post-synaptic neuron becomes _______ an action potential.
A) more likely to initiate
B) more unlikely to initiate
C) no effect, the post-synaptic neuron is independent of the pre-synaptic neuron
D) completely incapable of initiating
E) none of the above |
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27.30. If it becomes possible to electrically stimulate the brain with a number of electrodes in such a way as to create an original thought, then the mind would certainly be an emergent property of the brain and major tenets of _________ will have been shown to be true and major tenets of ________ will be shown to be false.
A) monism, dualism
B) dualism, monism
C) vitalism, materialism
D) religion, scientism
E) Brainism, bodyism |
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27.31. If it becomes possible to selectively treat the brain with a number of chemicals in such a way as to create an original thought, then the mind would certainly be an emergent property of the brain and major tenets of _________ will have been shown to be true and major tenets of ________ will be shown to be false.
A) monism, dualism
B) dualism, monism
C) vitalism, materialism
D) religion, scientism
E) Brainism, bodyism |
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27.32. Wilder Penfield (1975) wrote,“…there is no good evidence . . . that the brain alone can carry out the work that the mind does. . . . I believe that one should not pretend to draw a final scientific conclusion, in man's study of man, until the nature of the energy responsible for mind action is discovered, as in my own opinion, it will be." This indicates that Wilder Penfield is a ______________.
A) bodyist
B) brainist
C) materialist
D) monist
E) dualist |
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