Anterior Pituitary.

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex.

decreases water loss by decreasing urine production and perspiration, and increases blood pressure by constricting arteries.

Adrenal Cortex

Increases sex drive in females and are converted to estrogens. /  Stimulates axillary and pubic hair at puberty and contributes to growth spurt.

Thyroid Gland

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts

Controlled by negative feedback

Made by a gland then secreted into blood and circulate throughout

the body. Affect distant cells

Adrenal Cortex

Increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and dereases inflammation

controlled by anterior pituitary by ACTH, which is controlled by CRH of hypothalamus

Adrenal Medulla

Complements effects of Sympathetic Nervous System

 fights short term stressors. fight/flight response Increases BP, pulse, and dilates pupils.

Ovaries

Regulate egg production, regulate menstrual cycle,

stimulate female secondary sex   characteristics, maintain

pregnancy, prepare breasts for lactation

Anterior Pituitary

Controlled by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from Hypothalamus and negative feedback

Stimulates ova (oocyte) production and sperm production. Stimulates estrogen production in females.

Pancreas

Increases blood glucose levels. Stimulates liver to

break down stored glycogen to glucose (called glycogenolysis)

and release it into the blood.

Pancreas

 lowers blood glucose levels (only hypoglycemic hormone)Helps cells transport glucose across their   membrane and converts glucose to   glycogen (called glycogenesis)

controlled by negative feedback

Causes: Ingestion of cow’s milk early in infancy.  Cow’s milk

contains bovine insulin that may cause the body to

produce antibodies against it and in turn against the beta cells

Treatments: inject insulin; inject fetal pancreatic islet cells;

insulin pump;   cyclosporine to suppress immune response,

pancreas transplant.

Differences: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and requires the person to inject insulin.

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates production of progesterone, estrogen and stimulate ovulation (female) and stimulates production of testosterone (male)

Anterior Pituitary

May influence brain activity. excess amounts cause darkening of the skin.

Controlled by Corticotropin-releasing hormone from Hypothalamus and Dopamine.

Pineal Gland

Helps to establish night/day cycles (biological clock) Prevents early sexual maturation

Adrenal Medulla

Complements effects of Sympathetic Nervous System. fights short term stressors. fight/flight response. Increases BP, pulse, and dilates pupils. 

Causes: Heredity, Age, Obesity

Treatment: Diet, Exercise, drugs to increase insulin production

Differences: results from Insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.

Posterior Pituitary

Stimulates utering contractions during childbirth and mile ejection during suckling.

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates Lactation

Controlled by Prolactin inhibiting/ releasing hormones from Hypothalamus

Parathyroid Glands

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone. If blood calcium levels fall to low neurons become irritable and can cause fatal muscle spasms. High levels can cause demineralization of bone

controlled by negative feedback

T3 / Triiodothyrodine

T4 / Thyroxin : Found

Thyroid Gland

T3 / Triiodothyrodine

T4 / Thyroxin : Function

Increases basal metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, heat production, protein synthesis, use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production.

T3 / Triiodothyrodine

T4 / Thyroxin : Means of Control

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates growth of thyroid gland and synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Controlled by Thyrotropin-releasing hormone from Hypothalamus and negative feedback

testes

 Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, thickens bones  and muscle, lower voice) regulates sperm development. Stimulates male sex drive

Thymus Gland

 Anterior Pituitary

Controlled by Growth hormone releasing/inhibiting hormones from Hypothalamus

promotes widespread tissue and cell growth by affecting protein and lipid metabolism.