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Definition
| obtain carbon from carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain carbon from organic molecules, absorb through small intestine, anything that doesn’t photosynthesize |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energy source = oxidizing other molecules (can be inorganic;ex sulfer, or organic;ex glucose) |
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Term
| source of atp and sugars in plants |
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Definition
| ATP: cellular respiration in mitochondria uses oxygen to take in Sugars: Photosynthesis 50% respired to make atp 50% storage (starch, cell walls(cellulose), other organic molecules |
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Term
| source of atp and sugars in animals |
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Definition
| ATP: cellular respiration in mitochondria uses oxygen to take in Sugars: ingestion and digestion of other organisms carbs, macromolecules ex: starch, some sugars used to make atp, storage and generate heat |
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Term
| source of nutrients other than carbon in plants and animals |
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Definition
| H,O,N,P,S,Na, K, Mg, Cl, Fe, Salenium, Iodine, etc |
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Term
| advantages of efficient transport systems during colonization of the land |
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Definition
| competition for light: increased height favored, increased SA for light capture. -Increased height=increased structural support and increased root systems, -Increased distances=more efficient transport systems. -Competition for light, grow tall and strong to get sun |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space. High to love concentration down concentration gradient |
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Definition
| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. High to low concentration down gradient |
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Definition
| movement of a substance across a membrane, with an expenditure of energy, against its concentration gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins |
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Definition
| use energy from ATP to pump protons (H+) out of the cell. -results in higher H+ concentration outside the cell than inside. Positive ions inwards (down gradeint) negative ions-against gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| another form of potential energy that can be harnessed to perform cellular work. Difference in electrical charge across a cells plasma membrane, due to the differential distribution of ions |
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Definition
| a transport protein couples the diffusion of one slute (H+) with active transport of another (NO3-) |
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Term
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Definition
| measures tendency of water to flow due to a) osmosis, b) pressure. Combined effects of solute concentration and physical pressure are incorporated into a quantity. |
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Term
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Definition
| also called solute potential-proportional to its molarity, osmotic potential because solutes affect the direction of osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| physical pressure on a solution, can be pos or neg, |
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Term
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Definition
| water and minerals from root hairs through cell wall matrix, to xylem |
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Definition
| water and minerals from root hairs through cytoplasm and between cells in cytoplasmic connections through plasmodesmata to xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| water and minerals from root hairs repeated crossings in and out of cells and through cell walls to xylem |
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Term
| role of the casparian strip in the endoderm |
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Definition
| forces water and minerals that are passively moving through the apoplast to cross the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell and enter the stele via the symplast. |
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Term
| regulation of gas exchange in the leaves by stomata |
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Definition
| - guard cells- tightly attached, cellulose microfibrils permit radial expansion, thickened cell walls on inside- less stretchy, pull apart in center when swelling. -filling by osmosis--K+ ions move in by proton pump (ATP)--BECOME TURGID. -AFFECTING OPEN/CLOSE : 24 HOUR CIRCADIAR RHYTHM, SULIGHT, LOW CO2 IN INTERCELLULAR LEAF SPACE, LOW H2O COMES IN INTERCELLULAR SPACE |
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Term
| adaptations to reduce water loss |
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Definition
| leafless in most of yr to prevent--grows small leaves after rainfall. -thick cuticle and multiple layered epidermal tissue that reduce water loss--stomata in “crypts”--reduces transpiration--trichomes |
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Term
| transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanismof the ascent of xylem sap from roots to leaves |
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Definition
| transpiration=evaporation of water molecules through stomata--water evaporation from cell walls. -water vapor diffuses from the moist air spaces of the leaf to the drier air outside via the stomata. cohesion- water molecules H-bonding to each other. -In an unbroken column from mesophyl cell walls to root xylem. tension- increase in surface tension of water on cell walls as water evaporates from cell walls-stretching of h-bonds between water molecules --creates a force pulling on water molecules further back in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| summer-leaves are source tap roots -sink. winter-leaves are sink. spring-roots are source. bulk flow |
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Term
| sugar source and sugar sink |
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Definition
| source-summer-leaves--produce sugar via photosynthesis -autumn:tap root-stored sugar transported to leaves used for growth. -sink-sugar removed from phloem by AT-sugar converted to starch. -summer-storing sugars-taproot -leaves-rapid growth requires more sugar than they can produce |
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Term
| the role of active transport |
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Definition
| movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins |
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Term
| soil structure and composition |
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Definition
| top soil. --A Horizon:dead and decaying organic matter, living soil organisms weathered minerals-sand soft clay. --B horizon-increasingly weathered inorganic minerals and some organic material. --C Horizon-bedrock all inorganic |
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Term
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Definition
| H+ ions release mineral cations from soil particles --organic acids released from humas --co2 from root respiration--h2co3 (carbonic acid) -cations bind by ionic bonds harder for plants to obtain |
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Term
| plant nutritional requirements |
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Definition
| macronutrients- C, H, O, N, P, K |
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Term
| symbiotic relationships between Plants and bacteria |
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Definition
| 1) Rhizobacteria-live ground plant roots -convert N2 and humas to ammonia-ammonium -convert ammonium to Nitrate. 2) root nodules nitrogen fixing bacteria-in legumes & some other plants. -plants gain nitrate, bacteria gains sugars |
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Term
| symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi |
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Definition
| mutualistic association with plant roots;fungi. --mycelium forms lrg. SA for absorption of waters & nutrients and large SA inside plant roots--transfers water & nutrients to plants --fungi gets sugars |
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Term
| unusual nutritional adaptations in plants |
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Definition
| Epiphyles-nourishes itself but grows on another plant, usually anchored to branches or trunks. Parasitic Plants-absorb sugars & minerals from their living hosts-some are photosynthetic. Carnivorous Plants: photosynthetic but obtain some nitrogen & minerals by killing & digesting insects and small animals |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 essential amino acids- other 12 are synthesized by chemically modifying the first 8 |
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Term
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Definition
| some unsaturated fatty acids --found in plants and animals (varying concentration) high concentration in fish |
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Term
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Definition
| small organic molecules, variety of structures and functions |
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Term
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Definition
| aquatic feeders, filter out large #’s of tiny particles (food) ex:ducks, oysters, muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on or in their food source |
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Term
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Definition
| eat liquid foods, ex mosquitos, bees, butterflies, hummingbirds |
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Term
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Definition
| eat large food items and usually break them down in the mouth before swallowing, humans, horses |
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Term
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Definition
| ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
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Definition
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Definition
| breaking down food chemically and mechanically |
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Definition
| pass broken down substance into bodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HYDROLYSIS OF NUTRIENTS INSIDE CELLS-food particles taken into individual cells by phagocytosis -forms a food vacuole, lysosomes fuse w food vacuole, food digested |
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Term
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Definition
| INDIGESTIVE SYSTEM NOT IN CELLS-within a digestive system but outside individual cells --SINGLE orifice for ingestion and elimination --or separate mouth and anus |
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Term
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Definition
| single opening, digestion and distribution of nutrients through body |
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Term
| complete (throughput) alimentary canals |
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Definition
| complete digestive tract-tube running between mouth and anus |
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Term
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Definition
| stores and moistens food before the digestive regions |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical breakdown of food particles, mechanical digestion in organisms that : 1-dont have teeth 2-eat hard foods (ex:seeds) --often contain sand or grit swallowed by the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| retain bacteria to digest cellulose, fermenting pouch, ferments indigested material |
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Definition
| teeth, physical breakdown of food |
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Term
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Definition
| amylose-only ingested enzyme in mouth secreted by saliva-breaks down carbs-secreted by salivary glands |
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Term
| functions of the main components |
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Definition
| mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical breakdown with teeth, amylose, enzyme in the mouth secreted by saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to stomach-strained muscles paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| some mechanical digestion by stomach churning -chemical digestion: 1-chief cells (secretes pepsinogen-converted to pepsin (pepsin=hydrolyzes proteins) 2-Mucus cells (mucus-protects stomach) 3-parietal cells (secrete HCl-pH 2=acidic) |
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Term
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Definition
| duedenum (chemical digestion)-chemicals, pancreas, liver, epithelial lining |
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Term
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Definition
| bile-emulsifies fats, breaks them into tiny globules, increased surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| cecum & upper part of large intestine = major role in bacterial fermentation of cellulose in hindgut fermenters. water absorption, nutrient absorption in hindgut fermenting herbivores |
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Term
| adaptive differences: herbivores |
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Definition
| eat only plant material, seeds, roots, shoots, leaves, storage organs, etc, not a lot of nutrients except cellulose- we cannot digest cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| plant and animal food, usually nutritious parts of plants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| foregut fermentors (herbivores) |
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Definition
| small intestine and stomach larger |
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Term
| hindgut fermentors (herbivores) |
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Definition
| digestive in cecum and large intestine (herbivores) digest cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| main energy source for atp production, major product of digestion process, regulation of blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| type 1- childhood-autoimmune-destroys pancreatic cells that secrete insulin part genetic, part environment type 2- adult onset, insulin secreted but receptor cells dont respond some genetic, major diet and excersize |
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Term
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Definition
| appetite-1-ghrelin-secreted by stomach-stimulates appetite. 2-insulin-secreted by pancreas-supresses appetite. 3-PYY-secreted by small intestine-suppresses appetite. 4-Leptin-secreted by adipose tissue, secretion increases as body fat evels drop-stimulates appetite. ALL=hormones that act on the brain- sense of appetite comes from the brain |
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Term
| uses of energy in an animal body |
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Definition
| bioenergetics- overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal;determines nutritional needs related to animals size, activity, environment metabolism. -animals use chemical energy from food to fuel activity-generate atp (head and cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time, sum of all energy requiring biochemical reactions C=kilocalorie=1000 calories-MEASURED AS O2 PRODUCTION OR CO2 CONSUMPTION |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, empty stomach and not experiencing stress |
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Definition
| endothermic regulators vs ectothermic conformers |
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Definition
| state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases |
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Definition
| metabolism decreases, lower body temp level, heart and respiratory system slow down |
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Term
| temperature regulation (MR) |
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Definition
| temp regulators=mammals, same body temp no matter environment (otter), conformers=reptiles, change to fit environment (fish) |
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Term
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Definition
| get energy to keep warm from external environment-low metabolic energy needs |
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Definition
| generate body head internally-high metabolic energy needs |
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Term
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Definition
| h- bonding between water molecules and other polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| -inorganic ions/elements. -variety of functions |
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Definition
| below the duodenum is mostly absorption |
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Definition
| results in type 2 diabetes breast, colon cancer, stress and heart attack |
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Term
| factors affecting metabolic rate |
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Definition
| 1- increase with size (more cells use more o2) 2-BMR per unit mass of tissue declines with size in mammals-large SA/V small increased heat loss 3-activity 4-environment |
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