Term
Protists and their
characterisitics |
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Definition
The earliest descendants of prokaryotes.
Characteristics: Most are unicellular, vary in structure and function more than any other group, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, at cellular level most complex (single cells can act like whole organism), have flagella and cilia (made of microtubules), can reproduce sexually, asexually or combo of both, found everywhere there is water, and can live in symbiotic or mutualistic relationships. |
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Term
| Evolutionary Differences in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| 1. Relative small size of the prokaryote genome. 2. Multi cellular prokaryotes. 3. Complex communities with each species benefitting from the metabolic specialties of others. 3. Compartamentalization |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitochondira and Chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger cells. (Lynn Marguilis) Mitochondria were heterotrophic prokaryotes and these developed first. Chloroplasts were cyanobacteria |
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Term
| Evidence of extistence of current symbiosis |
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Definition
1. Similariies between bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria (membranes, enzymes, transport systems, replication patterns, genomes w/circular DNA, TRNA, ribosomes and capable of translation and transcription.
2. rRNA more similiar Prokaryotic DNA vs Eukaryotic DNA
3. In terms of mitosis and meiosis, theories that there are such a wide variety of prokaryotes because of evolutionary 'experimenting'. |
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Term
| Five monophyletic Kingdoms of Protists |
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Definition
Archezoa
Euglenoza
Alveolata
Stramenophilia
Rhodophyta |
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Term
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Definition
Lack mitochondria. Possibly represent early descendants of eukaryotes that predate the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria.
Diplomanads: no mitochondria, has flagella, two separate nuclei, no plastids, has a simple cytoskeleton. EX: Giardia Lamblia |
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Term
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Definition
Inclues autotrophic and heterotrophic flagellates.
Euglenoids have anterior pocket that flagella come from and are mainly autotrophic (but some hetero and mixo's)
Kinetoplastids: single large mitochondria and kinetoplast (extra cellular DNA)
EX: Tripanosomes (African sleeping sickness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Have subsurface cavities (alveoli) which help stablize cell surface and regulate the cells water and ion content |
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Term
| Alveolata: Dinoflagellates |
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Definition
| Photosynthetic. So abundant that they form the 'red tide' phenomenon. "Dino" refers to the 'whiriling' action due to the flagellates coming from the center of the organism and making it spin. Photosynthetic ones have a relationship with Cnidarians. Some lack choroplasts and live as parasites in marine animals |
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Term
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Definition
(Sporozoans). Have specific areas of the organism where organelles congregate together and form an apex designed to penetrate the host.
EX: Plasmodiums that cause malaria. (Possible treatment of malaria is through the study of plastids) |
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Term
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Definition
Amongst the most complex of all cells.
Contain cilia that seem to be run by submembrane system of microtubules from the cortex. Two types of nuclei: one macronucleus or several micronuclei. EX: Paramecium that undergo conjugation. Lecture EX: Protozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| Psuedopodia: a group of eukaryotes that use cellular extentions in oder to feed on bacteria, other protists and detritus |
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Term
Lab Organisms:
Pseudopodia- Rhizopods |
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Definition
EX: Ameobas
Reproduce asexually. Inhabit fresh water and marine environments.
Entameoba hsytolica causes dysentry |
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Term
Lab organisms:
Pseudopodia - Slime Molds |
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Definition
Decomposers!!
Resemble fungi and lifestyle through convergence of filamentous body structure. |
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Term
Lab organisms:
Psueudopodia- Slime Molds: Plasmodium |
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Definition
A blob of cytoplasm with many (hundreds of thousands- ;) nuclei. This is the feeding stage of slime molds.
Heterotrophic.
The nuclei are diploid with divisions occur all at the same time!
This is why scientists use plasmodiums to study the molecular details of mitosis |
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Term
Lab Organisms:
Pseudopodia- Slime Molds: cellular |
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Definition
| A bunch of cells which can stand alone but when the going gets tough they get together. They retain their identity through cellular membrane seperation. |
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Term
Lab Organisms:
Pseudopods: Actinopods |
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Definition
"Ray foot". Slender Pseudopodia called Axopodia. Have a 'foot' that radiates from the cell. It's a part of the internal skeleton reinforced by a bundle of microtubules and covered by a thin layer of cytoplasm. Used for feeding.
Microorganisms stick to the axopodia and are phagocytized by the cytoplasm.
After actinopods die they commonly settle down to the marine floor as an ooze that can get up to 100's of meters thick. |
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Term
Lab Organisms:
Pseudopodia- Actinopods: Heliozoans |
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Definition
| Heliozoans live in fresh water. Skeletons consist of siliceous (glassy) or chitinized plates. |
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Term
Lab Organisms:
Pseudopodia - Actinopods: Radiolarians |
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Definition
| Several groups of marine actinopods with skeletons fused to one piece. Commonly made of silica. |
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Term
Lab Organisms:
Pseudopodia - Foraminiferans (Forams) |
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Definition
| Almost all are marine and they either live in the sand, attached to rocks, or as part of plankton. Known for porous shells that are multi-chambered and consist of calcium carbonate. Psueodopodia (strands of cytoplasm) extend through the pores, which helps in feeding, swimming, and shell formation. Some live in a symbiotic relationship with algae that live in the shell |
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Term
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Definition
groups of organisms that are photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs. Stramenopilia are hair-like projections on flagella.
Contains unusual choroplasts with two additional membranes, a small amount of cytoplasm and vestigal nucleaus. The chloroplasts may be derived from red algae |
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Term
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Definition
| Have unique glass-like walls maade of hydrated silica. Mostly reproduce asexually by mitotic cell divisions; each daughter recovering half the parent cell wall and regenerating the rest. The sexual stage involves formation of eggs and sperm. Sperm are amoeboid or have a single flagellum. Found in fresh water or marine plankton. Stores food reserves in form of a glucose polymer called laminarin (also stores food as oil). Foscilized Diatoms form diatomaceous earth mined for it's quality as a filter medium |
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Term
| Stramenopilia: Golden Algae |
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Definition
| Contain choroplasts with yellow and brown carotene and xanthophyll pigments. Bi-flagellated, with both extending from one end of the cell. Live among fresh and marine water plankton. Some are mixotrophic: absorbing disolved organic compounds, or extending pseudopodia to ingenst food particles and bacteria (How come they aren't in Pseudopodia group??). Most are unicellular but form communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water Molds, white rusts and downey mildews (eew!). Heterotrophic and lack chloroplasts. Some are unicellular and some have ceonocytic hyphae. Cell walls made of cellulose. Most are diploid, and are biflagellated. Water molds sexually reproduce. (OOmycota means egg fungi). Water molds decompose dead animals or algae in fresh water. White rust and downy mildews live on land as plant parasites and disperse by wind blown spores. |
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