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Definition
evolutionary processes in which an adaptation in one species leads to the evolution of an adaptation in a species with which an adaptation in a species with which it interacts
also known as reciprocal adaptation |
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| coevolution (reciprocal adaptation) can lead to |
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Definition
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| antagonistic interactions |
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Definition
predator-prey interactions
mimicry systems
herbivory
plants defenses against herbivores
microparasite-host interactions
ectoparasites |
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Definition
| used to escape or repel predators |
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| toxic prey advertise with warning coloration |
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| non-toxic organisms mimic toxic ones |
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| many toxic organisms converge on common color patterns |
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| prey species can escape predation by |
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Definition
crypsis (camouflage)
homotypy-looking like an inedible object
stop moving
run away
develop shells, tough skin, spines, or hair |
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| specialists that dine on one or a few plants species |
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| generalists that feed on many different plant species |
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| chemical defense a plant defense would have against herbivores |
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Definition
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| physical defense a plant defense would have against herbivores |
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Definition
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have mechanisms for attaching to their host
lice, ticks, leeches, mosquitoes |
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Definition
| animals that feed on fruit |
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Definition
| transport seeds and deposit them with feces so they are automatically fertilized locations |
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Definition
plants and pollinators
seed dispersal
exchange food for care and transport
exchange services for housing and defense |
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Definition
| competition among individuals of the same species |
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Definition
| competition among individuals of different species |
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Definition
| occurs when one competitor uses limited resources more efficiently and eventually eliminates the other competitor |
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Definition
| the division of resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors |
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Definition
individuals actively interfere with another's access to resources
-may restrict habitat use |
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Definition
individuals reduce the quantities of their shared resources
-may lead to competitive exclusion
-may lead to coexistence |
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Definition
| groups of species that exploit the same resource, but in different ways |
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Definition
| the tendency for character to be more divergent in sympatric populations that in allopatric populations of the same two species |
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Definition
| species may use the same resource in the same location, but at different times |
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| predators can influence competition |
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Definition
| if they prefer one prey species over another |
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| competition can determine species' niche space |
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Definition
| fundamental vs. realized niche |
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Definition
| study of the distribution, abundance, demography, and interactions between coexisting populations |
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Definition
the number of species in a given community
(determined, in part, by energy flow) |
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Definition
convert light (or chemicals) energy into organic molecules
productivity measures the rate of energy accumulation |
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Definition
diverse sources of energy
trophic levels indicate the direction of energy flow |
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| predators that feed on herbivores |
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Definition
| feed on decomposing organic matter |
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Definition
| feed on multiple trophic levels |
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Definition
| interconnected food chains that illustrate energy flow through a community |
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| second law of thermodynamics states that |
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Definition
| every transfer of energy adds to the entropy of the universe |
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| fewer individuals can be supported at higher tropic levels is an example of |
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Definition
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| calories / m (2 squared) / day |
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| cannot support many species |
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Definition
| can support many species up to a point |
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| highest energy environments |
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Definition
| have intense competition, which can lead to competitive exclusion |
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| a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass |
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| diversity within a single community |
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| the change in species composition from one community to another |
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| the regional diversity found over a range of communication in a geographic region |
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| species area relationship |
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Definition
the relationship between the size of an area and the number of species it supports
large areas tend to support more species than small areas |
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Definition
general trend of decreasing species diversity as latitude increase
-time
-spatial heterogeneity
-specialization
-predation |
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Definition
| immigration and extinction rates |
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| the equilibrium rate of species on an island depends on |
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Definition
rate of arrival
rate of extinction |
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| the species composition of a community changes over time |
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| occurs in an environment where new substrate is deposited |
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| occurs in an environment where disturbance has cleared substrate that previously supported vegetation |
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| the final stage of succession |
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| the activity of successful colonists |
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Definition
| a colonizer modifies the environment in a way that facilitates colonization by other species |
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| early colonists prevent colonization by other species |
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Definition
the perpetuation of the climax community is dependent on periodic disturbance
(lodgepole pine and fire) |
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Definition
succession in detritus based communities
takes place without the inclusion of plants (benthic zones, corpse decay) |
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more stable
more efficient use of resources |
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Definition
more stable than managed communities
(monocultures in agriculture) |
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