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Definition
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Definition
| eat autotrophs such as plants and algae |
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Definition
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Definition
| eat a combination of animal and plant or algal matter |
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Definition
| eat organic matter from dead organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
| is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells |
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Term
| when not enough glucose is taken in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism' diet is chronically deficient in Calories |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism' diet is excessive in Caloric intake |
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Definition
is now a global health problem
- evolution of cravings
- leptin |
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Term
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Definition
| materials that must be obtained in a preassembled form because the animal cells cannot make them from raw materials |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a diet is missing one or more essential nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| animals require 20 amino acids to synthesize proteins, but most animals can only make half of those amino acids on their own |
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Term
| humans have how many amino acids |
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Definition
| eight (with a ninth, histidine, essential for infants) |
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Definition
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Definition
| certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals cannot make on their own |
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Definition
| lineoleic acid in order to make phospholipds for cell membranes |
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Definition
| organic molecules required in diet in very small amounts |
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Term
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Definition
degeneration of skin, teeth and blood vessels
result from vitamin c deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic molecules required in the diet |
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Term
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Definition
| elements needed in large amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| elements needed in trace amounts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of breaking food particles down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb |
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Term
| how would an iron deficiency affect breathing |
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Definition
| lack of blood cells due to lack of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake of small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars) by cells |
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Term
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Definition
| passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment |
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Term
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Definition
| sift small food particles from water (baleen whales) |
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Term
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Definition
| live in or on their food source (many insects larvae) |
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Term
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Definition
| suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host (mosquitos) |
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Term
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Definition
| eat relatively large pieces of food (lions, pythons) |
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Term
| matter that is low in energy is eaten by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialized grinding, rasping, cutting, and or shredding mouth parts |
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| matter that is high in energy is eaten by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detect, capture and kill their prey (usually) |
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Term
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Definition
a toothy, tongue-like ribbon used by mollusks to scrape food
jawless fish to scrape food |
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Term
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Definition
appendages used by many arthropods to grasp, crush, or cut food
pentures |
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Term
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Definition
muscular portion of the gut that contains small stones (or grains of sand) used to grind food
inside the gut of a bird |
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Term
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Definition
small calcified structures used by many vertebrates to break down food
humans |
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Term
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Definition
have a 3-layered structure
are specialized for different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| hard material covering the crown |
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Term
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Definition
| bony material inside the crown and root |
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Term
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Definition
| contains blod vessels, nerves |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| used for ripping and tearing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| digestive pouch with a single opening |
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Term
| complete digestive tract *alimentary canal) |
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Definition
| a digestive tube connecting two openings, a mouth and an anus |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of food outside of cells |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of food using hydrolytic enzymes
(saliva, stomach acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of food of cells, often using hydrolytic enzymes inside of cells, often using hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| chewing, swallowing, esophagus, lower esophogeal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocaecal sphincter, anal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| contains hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| acids hydrolyze bonds in food particles |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete pepsin which digest protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| secreted to protect cells lining the stomach from digestive enzymes and acids |
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Term
| most chemical digestion occurs in the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizes bite salts from cholesterol and secretes them as bile |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| transfers nile from the gallbladder to the duodenum of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| large gland that lies just behind and below the stomach |
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Term
| most absorption of digested food (90%) occurs in |
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Definition
| the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic projects from villi that increase the surface area of cell membranes available for absorption |
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Term
| absorption occurs many different ways |
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Definition
| diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, co-transport |
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Term
| nutrients absorbed in the small intestine go to the |
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Definition
| liver via the hepatic portal vein |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbed by the large intestine (colon) |
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Term
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Definition
| actions through the digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the stomach to secrete digestive enzymes and to move |
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Term
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Definition
| food is in the gut and is being absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| continuous, so animals in a post-absorptive state use energy reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| move fats from sites of storage to sites of use |
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Term
| high density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Definition
| good lipoproteins move cholesterol from the tissues to the liver |
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Term
| low density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
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Definition
| bad lipoproteins transport cholesterol for biosynthesis and storage |
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Term
| very low density lipoproteins (VLDs) |
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Definition
| very bad lipoproteins that transport triglycerides to adipose tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| directs glucose to where it will be used or stored |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
hormone produced by fat cells that curbs appetite
morbidly obese people often do not produce leptin, or do not have functional leptin receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
maintain volume, concentration and composition of extracellular fluids
osmosis controls water content of cells |
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Term
| excretory systems of many animals use three different processes |
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Definition
| filtration, secretion, and reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| filtered so that it contains no cells or macromolecules |
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Term
| salt and water balance is |
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Definition
| influenced by environment |
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Term
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Definition
| conserve salts and water because both can be rare |
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Term
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Definition
| an abundance of salt, but must combat water loss to their environment as a result of osmosis |
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Term
| freshwater animals have an |
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Definition
| abundance of water but not salts |
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Term
| carbohydrates and fats are |
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Definition
| metabolized to water and carbon dioxide that are relatively easy to eliminate |
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Term
| catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids |
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Definition
| produce nitrogenous wastes (as well as water and carbon dioxide) that must be eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common nitrogenous waste because it is highly soluble in water and diffuses easily, but is toxic |
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Term
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Definition
non toxic form of nitrogenous waste
-excretion can result in a lot of water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| also non toxic, forms a colloidal suspension in urine, but its excretion loses very little water |
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Term
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Definition
| excretory organ of a flatworm consists of a tubule and a flame cell |
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Term
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Definition
| paired excretory organs of annelids |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of tubles used by insects as a highly effective way of excreting nitrogenous wastes with very little water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| the main excretory organ of vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
the functional unit of the kidney
tubules and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| each nephron has a ball of capillaries called a glomerulus that filters blood |
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Term
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Definition
| filtrate from the glomerulus flows into the renal tubule and is modified as ions, nutrients and water are reabsorbed into the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| filtrate in renal tubule is further modified until it can be excreted |
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Term
| bowman's capsule is located |
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Definition
| at the beginning of the renal tubule and encloses the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of bowman's capsule that are in direct contact with the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| convers glomerular filtrate into unrine |
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Term
| urine that is excreted is |
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Definition
| much more concentrated than the extracellular fluid that was initially filtered |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that filters blood, processes filtrate into urine, releases urine |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| filters most of the glomerular filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
| makes the urine more concentrated by means of countercurrent multipiers |
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Term
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Definition
| the top end of the ascending limb of the loop of henle |
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Term
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Definition
| distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons join and empty into the renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| urine, maintain acid-base balance, and osmoregulate the body fluids of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| in retention of salts and water, and a decrease in ph, and can result in death |
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Term
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Definition
| treated via dialysis, or in extreme cases, by kidney transplant |
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