Term
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Definition
| hemolymph through vessels into spaces surrounding the organs |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| is a connective tissue with cells that are suspended in plasma |
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Term
arteries
arteries-arterioles |
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Definition
| vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
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Term
veins
capillaries-venules-veins |
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Definition
| vessels that return blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
the liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended
mostly water but also contains inos and blood proteins |
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Term
| red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
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Definition
lack nuclei
the most numerous blood cells
biconcave (both sides concave)
hemoglobin (carry oxygen and co2) |
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Term
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Definition
| the iron-containing oxygen transport protein in red blood cells |
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Term
| leukocytes (white blood cells) |
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Definition
fighting infections is the primary role
5 different types: monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (develop into b and t cells) |
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Term
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Definition
clotting factors that allow one to "self-seal" in the case of a small cut or scrape
no nuclei-fragment of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic defect that affect the clotting process of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
have the ability to develop into many different types of cells
replace old and damaged blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes |
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Term
| most fish have a two chambered heart |
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Definition
one atrium
one ventricle
flow: ventricle->gills->aorta |
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Term
| lungfish have a three chambered heart |
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Definition
one aorta receives oxygen poor blood from the body
one aorta receives rich blood from the lung |
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Term
| amphibians have a three chambered heart |
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Definition
pulmonary and systemic circulation is partially separated
supplement oxygen by absorbing it through the skin |
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Term
some reptiles have a three chambered heart
turtles-snakes-lizards |
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Definition
| ventricle is partially divided by a septum |
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Term
some reptiles have a four chambered heart
crocodilians |
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Definition
two ventricles, each with an aorta
two aortas are connected by a blood vessel |
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Term
| mammals and birds have a four chambered heart |
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Definition
two atria
two ventricles
right side pumps oxygen poor oxygen blood
left side pumps oxygen rich blood |
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Term
| unidirectional blood flow is ensured by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
prevent back flow into the atria once ventricles contract
-tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) |
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Term
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Definition
prevents back flow into the ventricles from arteries once ventricles relax
-pulmonary and aortic valve |
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Term
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Definition
when valves don't close properly
squirt blood in the opposite direction |
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Term
cranial vena cava and caudal vena caudal both deliver oxygen poor blood to the
1 |
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Definition
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Term
blood flows from the right atrium though the tricuspid valve and into the
2 |
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Definition
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Term
the right ventricle contracts, pushing blood though the pulmonary semilunar valve into the
3 |
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Definition
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Term
pulmonary trunk divides into
4 |
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Definition
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Term
pulmonary arteries deliver blood to the
5 |
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Definition
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Term
blood flows from the left atrium through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the
7 |
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Definition
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Term
left ventricle contracts and pushes the blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the
8 |
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Definition
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Term
arteries branch off the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the capillary beds in the
9 |
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Definition
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Term
more arteries branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the capillary beds in
10 |
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Definition
| abdominal organs and hind limbs |
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Term
capillaries, venules and veins in the head and fore lims converge into the
11 |
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Definition
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Term
capillaries, venules and veins in the abdomen and hind limbs converge into the
12 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contract and push blood into ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| contract much more strongly and pump blood to all body organs |
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Term
| the heart contracts and relaxes in |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of beats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction |
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Term
| two atrioventricular valves |
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Definition
| tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood driven by the contraction of the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by blood recoiling after hitting the closed atrioventricular valves |
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Term
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Definition
| sound caused by blood recoiling after hitting closed semilunar valves |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more valves do not function properly |
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Term
| sinoatrial (sa) node or pacemaker |
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Definition
| controls the rate and timing of contraction of cardiac muscles (sinus rhythm) |
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Term
| artioventricular (av) node |
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Definition
| delays electrical impulses to insure the atria empties before the ventricle contracts |
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Term
| governed by principles of physics |
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Definition
| blood vessels are the infrastructure |
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Term
| arteries are thick walled to withstand |
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Definition
| the high pressure associated with concentration |
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Term
| veins are thin walled, and convey |
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Definition
| low pressure blood back to the heart as a result of muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| the aorta divides into arteries, and arteries divide into arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
| maximizes the amount of time for transport substances across capillary walls |
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Term
| blood pressure is much higher in arteries than in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high blood pressure when ventricles of the heart contract |
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Term
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Definition
| lower blood pressure when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
| increased blood flow to digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| increased blood flow to skeletal muscle |
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Term
| only about 85% of all fluid that enters the interstitial fluid |
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Definition
| makes it back into the veins on its own |
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Term
| the remaining 15% of blood returned to the blood stream via the |
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Definition
| lymphatic system, a series of vessels that attaches to the vena cava near its junctions with the right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small valves that prevent fluid from flowing backwards |
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Term
| lymph nodes are centers that filter the |
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Definition
lymph
and attack viruses or bacteria that are circulating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| low density lipoproteins bad cholesterol-deposits plaques |
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Term
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Definition
| high density lipoproteins good cholesterol-reduces plaques |
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Term
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Definition
| harding of the artery walls |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
atherosclerosis
which if left unchecked can lead to heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
| interrupt supply to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
interrupt blood supply to the brain
(hemorrhagic, ischemic) |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange materials and energy with its environment |
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Term
| multicellular organisms have evolved |
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Definition
| physiological systems for exchange and transport of materials |
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Term
| the uptake of molecular oxygen |
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Definition
| comes from the environment |
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Term
| the release of carbon dioxide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the body where gas exchange occurs |
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Term
| air is a better respiratory medium than water because |
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Definition
| oxygen diffuses more readily through air |
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Term
| most insects use what for gas exchange |
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Definition
trachaea
-spiracles
-air sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange |
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Term
| gills are supported by gill arches that |
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Definition
| lie between the mouth and the opercular flaps |
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Term
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Definition
unidirectional air flow to maximize gas exchange
air flow
trachea->bronchi->parabronchi->aircapillaries |
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Term
| negative pressure breathing works like a suction pump that |
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Definition
| pulls air instead of pushing it into the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum tidal volume during forced breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of air that leaves the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that consists of four subunits, each of which contain a cofactor called a heme group with an iron atom at its center |
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Term
| breathing control centers located in 2 areas of the brain stem |
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Definition
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Term
co2 produced by tissues diffuses into the
1 |
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Definition
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Term
90% of that co2 attaches to
2 |
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Definition
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Term
some co2 is transported by
3 |
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Definition
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Term
most co2 reacts with water to
4 |
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Definition
| form carbonic acid (h2 co3) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
hemoglobin binds to most of the h+
6 |
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Definition
| preventing it from acidifying the blood |
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Term
most of the hco-3 diffuses
7 |
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Definition
| into the plasma where it is carried to the lungs |
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Term
in the lungs, hco-3 diffuses into
8 |
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Definition
| red blood cells, and converts back to h2 co3 |
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Term
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Definition
| converted back into carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
carbon dioxide is unloaded from
10 |
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Definition
| hemoglobin and released into the interstitial fluid |
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Term
carbon dioxide diffuses into the
11 |
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Definition
| alveolar space, and is then expelled during exhalation |
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Term
blood loses co2 and picks up
6 |
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Definition
| o2 in capillary beds in the lungs, then returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins |
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