Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eat autotrophs such as plants and algae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eat a combination of animal and plant or algal matter |
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Term
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Definition
| eat organic matter from dead organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The steady state physiological condition of the body |
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Term
| what is the process of homeostasis? |
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Definition
Glucose regulation maintains ATP synthesis
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
When not enough glucose is taken in, glycogen is broken down |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism’s diet is chronically deficient in Calories |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism’s diet is excessive in Caloric intake |
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Term
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Definition
a global health problem
- evolution of cravings
- leptin |
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Term
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Definition
| supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| materials that must be obtained in a preassembled form because the animal cells cannot make them from raw materials |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a diet is missing one or more essential nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| animals require 20 amino acids to synthesize proteins, but most animals can only make half of those amino acids on their own |
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Term
| how many amino acids do humans have |
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Definition
| eight essential amino acids (with a ninth, histidine, essential for infants) |
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Term
| what are the most reliable source for amino acids? |
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Definition
| Animal products such as meat eggs cheese etc |
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Term
| what are the 8 essential amino acids? |
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Definition
Tryptophan
Methionine
Valine
Threonine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Lysine |
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Term
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Definition
| certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals cannot make on their own |
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Term
why do Humans require linoleic
acid |
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Definition
to make phospholipids for cell
membranes.
-Plant & Vegetable oils
*Deficiencies are rare* |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts |
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Term
| what are some of the serious consequences when a person has vitamin deficiencies? |
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Definition
| scurvy = degeneration of skin, teeth and blood vessels; results from vitamin C deficiency |
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Term
| how many vitamins are essential for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic molecules required in the diet |
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Term
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Definition
| elements needed in large amounts (e.g., calcium) |
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Term
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Definition
| elements needed in trace amounts (e.g., iron) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the process of breaking food particles
down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake of small molecules (e.g., amino acids, simple sugars) by cells |
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Term
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Definition
passing of undigested material out of
the digestive compartment |
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Term
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Definition
| sift small food particles from water (e.g., baleen whales) |
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Term
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Definition
| live in or on their food source (e.g., many insect larvae) |
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Term
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Definition
suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host
(e.g., mosquitos) |
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Term
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Definition
eat relatively large pieces of food (e.g.,
lions, pythons) |
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Term
| Herbivores eat matter that is |
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Definition
low in energy. Have specialized grinding, rasping, cutting, and/or shredding mouth parts.
-Special enzymes help break down tough plant matter (e.g., cellulose)
-Some have specialized gut morphologies (e.g.,ruminants), or elongated ceca that aid in digestion |
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Term
| what kind of food do carnivores eat? |
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Definition
food that is high in energy.
Must detect, capture and kill their prey (usually)
*Some are scavengers* |
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Term
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Definition
| a toothy, tongue-like ribbon used by mollusks to scrape food |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages used by many arthropods to grasp, crush, or cut food |
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Term
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Definition
muscular portion of the gut that contains
small stones (or grains of sand) used to grind food |
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Term
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Definition
| small calcified structures used by many vertebrates to break down food |
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Term
| Mammalian teeth have a 3-layered structure. what is it? |
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Definition
Enamel – hard material covering the crown
Dentine – bony material inside the crown and root
Pulp cavity – contains blood vessels, nerves, etc. |
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Term
| Mammalian teeth are specialized for different functions. what are they |
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Definition
Incisors – used for cutting
Canines – used for ripping and tearing
Premolars – used for shearing
Molars – used for grinding |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive pouch with a single opening |
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Term
| Complete digestive tract (alimentary canal) |
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Definition
a digestive tube connecting two openings,a mouth and an anus
-Usually consist of an esophagus, stomach
(or crop), intestines, and rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of food outside of cells |
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Term
| what are the 2 kinds of Extracellular digestion? |
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Definition
Mechanical – breakdown of food using force (e.g.,chewing, grinding)
Chemical – breakdown of food using hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., saliva, stomach acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of food inside of cells, often using hydrolytic enzymes(e.g. phagocytosis and lysosomes) |
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Term
| what is mechanical digestion |
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Definition
- Chewing
- Swallowing (tongue)
- Esophagus (peristalsis – unidirectional)
- Lower esophogeal sphincter
- Pyloric sphincter
- Ileocaecal sphincter
- Anal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
chemical digestion:contains hydrolytic enzymes
*Example: Amylase hydrolyzes the bonds between glucose monomers in carbohydrates* |
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Term
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Definition
| acids hydrolyze bonds in food particles |
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Term
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Definition
| located in stomach: secrete pepsin which digests protein |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the stomach: secrete HCl |
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Term
| why is mucus secreted during chemical digestion |
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Definition
to protect cells lining the
stomach from digestive enzymes and acids |
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Term
| where does most chemical digestion occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 sections of the small intestine that humans have? |
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Definition
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum |
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Term
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Definition
synthesizes bile salts from cholesterol and
secretes them as bile |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
transfers bile from the gallbladder to the
duodenum of the small intestine |
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Term
| bile is important for doing what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
large gland that lies just behind and below
the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
secretes digestive enzymes into
the duodenum (e.g., trypsin – digests proteins)
Secretes bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to neutralize pH
(Also an endocrine gland that secretes hormones) |
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Term
| where does 90% of the absorption of digested food occur? |
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Definition
| the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall |
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Term
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Definition
microscopic projections from villi that
increase the surface area of cell membranes available for absorption |
|
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Term
| what are the different ways absorption occurs? |
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Definition
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active transport
- Co-transport |
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Term
how do nutrients absorbed in the small intestine go to the liver
via the hepatic portal vein? |
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Definition
| Water and ions are absorbed by the large intestine(colon) |
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Term
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Definition
the colon.
Constipation occurs when too much H2O is
absorbed
Diarrhea occurs when too little H2O is absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates the stomach to secrete
digestive enzymes and to move |
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Term
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Definition
| food is in the gut and is being absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does "metabolism is continuous" mean? |
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Definition
| animals in a post absorptive state(no food in the gut) use reserved energy |
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Term
| where do Lipoproteins move fats from sites of storage to? |
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Definition
sites of use
-HDL's
-LDL's
-VLDL's |
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Term
| High density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Definition
| “good lipoproteins” move cholesterol from the tissues to the liver |
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Term
| Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
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Definition
| “bad lipoproteins” transport cholesterol for biosynthesis and storage |
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Term
| Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) |
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Definition
| “very bad lipoproteins” that transport triglycerides to adipose tissues |
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Term
| Metabolism of fuel molecules (e.g., glucose) is controlled by what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
directs glucose to where it will be used
or stored |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
hormone produced by fat cells that curbs
appetite
*Morbidly obese people often do not
produce leptin, or do not have functional
leptin receptors*
-Insulin also helps control appetite |
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Term
| Excretory systems maintain what? |
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Definition
| volume, concentration and composition of extracellular fluids |
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Term
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Definition
controls water content of cells.
Excretes products of metabolism or excess salts (e.g.,NH3+) while saving what we need |
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Term
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Definition
| the output of the excretory system |
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