An internal, usually fluid-filled, body cavity that is lined with mesoderm. 

AS: provide cavity where internal organs can be arranged and organized OR provide fluid-filled cavity that can function as a hydrostatic skeleton

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An animal tissue consisting of sheet-like layers of tightly packed cells that lines an organ, a duct, or a body surface. 

AS: protection from predators, disease, or mechanical damage OR reduce or eliminate loss of nutrients from interior cells OR regulate exchange of molecules across body surface

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An animal body pattern in which there is one plane of symmetry dividing the body into a left side and a right side. Typically, the body is long and narrow, with a distinct head end and tail end.

AS: organize body into distinctive head/tail regions OR makes tube-within-a-tubedesign possible OR face environment in one direction

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The process by which pollen reaches the carpel of a flower (in flowering plants) or reaches the ovule directly (in conifers).

AS: Sperm are better protected OR Sperm are more likely to reach the egg

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Gametangia are structures that enclose gamete producing cells.

In land plants, the egg is retained on the parent and the embryo develops inside the gametangium (instead of releasing zygotes)

AS: Offspring can be nourished by parent OR Offspring can be protected by parent

A protective coating secreted by the outermost layer of cells of an animal or a plant. 

AS: reduce water loss from tissues exposed to air

A flowering vascular plant that produces seeds within mature ovaries (fruits). The angiosperms form a single lineage.

A vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers. Includes four lineages of green plants (cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, and gnetophytes)

Members of the phylum Chordata, deuterostomes distinguished by a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a post-anal tail. Include vertebrates, cephalochordata, and urochordata.

A major lineage of animals that share a pattern of embryological development, including formation of the anus earlier than the mouth, and formation of the coelom by pinching off of layers of mesoderm from the gut.

Includes echinoderms and chordates. 

A major lineage of animals that share a pattern of embryological development, including formation of the mouth earlier than the anus, and formation of the coelom by splitting of a block of mesoderm. 

Includes arthropods, mollusks, and annelids. 

A long, gelatinous, supportive rod down the back of a chordate embryo, below the developing spinal cord. 

Replaced by vertebrae in most adult vertebrates. 

The rapid diversification of animal body types and lineages that occurred between the species present in the Ediacaran faunas and the Cambrian faunas.

In a relatively short time, creatures with shells, exoskeletons, internal skeletons, legs, heads, tails, eyes, antennae, jaw-like mandibles, segmented bodies, muscles, and brains had evolved.

Partly bipedal; partly knuckle-walking; tree-dwelling?

First hominin discussed (4.4 mya)

Ethiopia

Second hominin discussed (3.9-3.0 mya)

Square jaw

Africa

Third hominin discussed (2.8-2.4 mya)

Brincase: 400-500cc

Round jaw, large teeth and jaws

South Africa

Fourth hominin discussed (2.3-1.4 mya)

Kenya

Molars 4x Hsapiens; sagittal crest

Fifth hominin discussed (2.0-1.0 mya)

Large zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

South Africa

Sixth hominin discussed (1.9-1.6)

Stone use, animal bones with marks indicating butchery

Smaller difference in male/female height

Kenya

Seventh hominin discussed (1.7-0.3 mya)

Large brain case: 900cc

Extensive tools; fire?

Africa, Caucasus, Asia

Eighth hominin discussed (0.1-0.0018 mya)

Stone use, fire; hunted dwarf elephants?

Flores (Indonesia)  

Ninth hominin discussed (0.3-0.03 mya)

Largest braincase: 1450cc

Prepared graves; speech?

Europe, Middle East, Caucasus

Tenth hominin discussed (0.1 mya-present)

Braincase: Cro-Magnon 1350cc (now 1200cc)

Currently: males about 10% taller than females

Europe, Asia, Africa 

A sequence of named intervals called eons, eras, and periods that represented the major events in Earth history.

Established the ages of sediments and other rocks relative to each other.

Established the absolute ages of the fossil-bearing rocks, by the ratio of parent/daughter isotopes when formed versus the current ration and measure of decay rate.

Based on uniformitarian assumption that atoms are decaying at a measurable rate, which is not affected by the environment.

Type of fossil recording that supports the hypothesis of an aquatic to semi-aquatic to terrestrial transition. 

Rocks laid down in aquatic environments are different than rocks laid down in terrestrial environments.

Supports the hypothesis of homology in limb elements. 

Study genes and alleles involved in the origin of key synapomorphies. 

Supports the fins-to-limbs hypothesis.

Modern lobe-finned fish do not use their fins to crawl, but when they swim, they move their fins in teh same pattern as tetrapods.