Term
| What is cell division and when do we need it? |
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Definition
| Cell division is the process of cells replicating and dividing. Whenever our body needs cells replaces, cell division occurs, with the exception of gametes. Sex cells can not be replaced. |
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Term
| What are telomeres and why do we have them? |
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Definition
| Telomeres are caps and tails at the ends of each chromosome. They prevent from cancer, though they can not be duplicated so every cell that divides, the telomere gets shorter. |
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Term
| How is the replication of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA different? (Think chromosome shape) |
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Definition
Prokaryotic cells undergo binary fission which only allow for their DNA to be exact copies of one another, "two daughter cells"
Eukaryotic cells need mitosis (and meiosis if they are gametes) to fully replicate. |
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Term
| What is binary fission and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Binary fission is the process of a cell dividing in two, and begins with replication in prokaryotic cells. |
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Term
| What is the difference between meitosis and meiosis? |
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Definition
Meitosis is the general cell division for all cells in our body, EXCEPT...
When it comes to gametes, then meiosis takes over and goes through the division process for sex cells. |
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Term
| What are the steps of the cell cycle and what happens in each? |
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Definition
Cell Cycle= Interphase and Mitosis Phase
Interphase
G1: a cells general preperation and machanics for producing proteins,
getting rid of waste, etc.) takes place
DNA Synthesis: chromosomes duplicate and prep for replication
G2: continues to grow and prep for cell division
Mitotic phase or M-phase, OR Mitosis
THEN cytokinesis |
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Term
| How does DNA replication work and what is the major enzyme involved called? |
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Definition
| DNA replication is when DNA polymerase unzips the DNA and free floating nucleotides attach onto their matching base. Now there is two copies of the DNA. |
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Term
| What are the products of meitosis? |
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Definition
| The replacment of cells, or, "two identical daughter cells" |
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Term
| What are homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? |
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Definition
Homologous chromosomes are the maternal and paternal chromosomes together, and
sister chromosomes are the paired up identical copies of the paternal and maternal chromosomes. |
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Term
| What does the cells DNA look like before and after DNA synthesis in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Befoer in G1 phase the DNA is preparing for DNA synthesis so the DNA is not duplicated, it is free floating chromosomes. After the chromosomes are duplicated and paired up waiting for cell division. |
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Term
| What is the metaphase plate? |
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Definition
| An invisible plane that the spindle fibers place the duplicated chromosomes. |
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Term
| What is cytokinesis and how does it happen? |
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Definition
| Cytokinesis is the finale of cell division and it's the phase in which two nuclei membranes are formed and the cell is BEGINNING to pinch off to form two daughter cells. |
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Term
| Is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells? How so? |
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Definition
| Yes, because for plant cells cytokinesis serves the purpose to divide the cytoplasm in two for plants whereas animals, it has to undergo mitosis then pinch off to create two daughter cells. |
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Term
| What is cancer? What must cells overcome (via mutation) before they become cancerous? |
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Definition
| Cancer is caused by cells dividing rapidly and continue without stoping. They harm the body because they crowd and disturb normal cells. |
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Term
| How are embryos formed? How much DNA is in each gamete? |
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Definition
| Embryos are formed through meiosis and gametes contains 46 total chromosomes in each gamete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploids are the copies of one chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1n is haploid, and 2n is diploid. We humans are 2n. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of meiosis and where does it happen? |
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Definition
| Meiosis is the process of a reproductive organism creating reproductive cells. It occurs in the gonads, or, ovaries and testes. |
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Term
| How many times is DNA duplicated throughout the entire two process' of meiosis? |
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Definition
| replication happens only once in meiosis. |
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Term
| When do homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids seperate? |
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes seperate in anaphase 1 and sister chromatids seperate in anaphase 2. |
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Term
| How are oogenesis and spermatogenesis different? |
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Definition
| Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and makes egss while spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and makes sperm. |
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Term
| What is crossing over? When does it happen? Why does it happen? |
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Definition
| Crossing-over occurs in the Prophase 1 stage and when homologous pairs of the sister chromatids share genes. This insures diversity and different traits that will now be on each of the chromatids even when they seperate in anaphase 2. |
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Term
| What are pros and cons of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Advantages to seaxual reproduction is it creates diversity and reduces risks of genetic disorders. Downsides to it are some mating habits for some organisms could impale their life, and also it takes time and energy to find a partner. |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of asecual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction is good in ways that it's fast, it doesn't take long to find a partner because they are theire own partner, and if the enviornment is stable and efficient they live and reproduce some more. Downsides are if the enviornment is not what they need, then then these bacteria cells will die do to their inability to adapt. |
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Term
| How is sex of child deterimine? What chromosomes to men have? Females? |
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Definition
| A childs sex depends on the sperm and if it carries an x or a y chromosome. If it is an x then the baby will be a female, if y then the baby will be a boy. |
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Term
| Is sex determination the same in all animals? |
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Definition
| No, in some organisms they are considered "hermaphrodites" animals who contain both male and female gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Karyotypes are a humans chromosomes layed out and also tell the sex of the human. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism has too many chromosomes, this is one cause of Down syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The general term for fewer than normal chromosomes or more than normal chromosomes. Either of the nondisjunctions cause Down syndrome. |
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Term
| How are mom's and dad's genes mixed to make a child? How does this involve homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
| Children are products of homologous chromosomes. When homologous chromosomes from the parents mix, it creates the babies diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleles are genes that control the phenotype of the offspring. |
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Term
| What is genotype? What is phenotype? What determines phenotypes? |
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Definition
| A genotype is the geneitc coding of an organism where as the phenotype is the characteristics of an organism. A phenotype is determined by the traits that alleles carry. |
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Term
| What is independant assortment? |
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Definition
| Independent assortment is the random assortment of chromosomes during the production of gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the recessive and dominant traits both show up in the phenotype. |
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Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| When the two recessive and dominant traits blend together to make a third phenotype. |
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Term
| How does human blood type work? |
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Definition
| Red blood cells have proteins called antiagents on their surface that determines what blood type they have. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a single gene can influence multiple unrelated traits. |
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