Term
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Definition
Kingdom Protista,Fungi,Plantae,Animalia
Are all Unicellular or multicellular
Asexual and sexual reproduction (most common)
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles |
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Term
| Origin of Eukaryotic Cell (Endosymbiotic theory) |
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Definition
Unique set of genes.
2 sets of DNA.
DNA in the mitochondria very small, and it is circular.
Aerobic bacteria was synced with all Eukaryotic cells.
Plants have 3 genoms.
Mitochondria- small
Chloroplast- bigger => plants |
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Term
| Charateristics of Protists |
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Definition
Eukayotic
Mostly Unicellular:
Some of the autrophic(algae) are multicellular( red and brown).
They are autotrophic(algae) and have chloroplast ,green in color.
Heterotropic(protozoans) attain their enery source from another.
Decomposers(fungi) do not eat or self feed.
They are aquatic, some are found in freshwater, some in the marine.
Some protists are plankton (open environment).
Heterophic plankton-self feeders
Autotropic plankton- plant like organism.
Some are free living and some are not.
- Pseudopodia,flagella, cilia
Some are parasitic. |
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Term
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Definition
Modes of reproduction
Asexual (Most common)
Sexual when environment stressful
-Allows recombination
-Genetically diverse offspring more likely to survive |
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Term
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Definition
(Not a very well studied group)
Diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify.
“Kingdom Protista” does not represent a monophyletic group
-Multiple monophyletic lineages are grouped
-Should represent separate kingdoms (?)
-Exactly how to divide Kingdom Protista into multiple kingdoms is not entirely clear |
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Term
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Definition
Green in color due to the presence of chlorophyll a,b
Mostly freshwater (few marine)
-Grow in large mats on surface of lakes and ponds
Some on land (moist areas)
Similar to plants
-Photosynthetic
-Cell walls made of cellulose
Arose 500-600 mya (ancestor to plants)
*notes from class*
Lots of nutrients and sunlight. Algae will be present. |
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Term
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Definition
Diatoms (Phylum Bacillariophyta)
-Most numerous unicellular organism in the oceans
-Marine(more abundant here) and freshwater
-A type of phytoplankton (Chlorophyll a & c)
-Cell walls are composed of silica
->100,000 species
Photosynthesis.
-Unique geometrical shapes and patterns
-Finely crushed shells accumulate at the bottom of lakes and seas
-Economic importance (filtering agents, gentle abrasives,cleaning products) |
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Term
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Definition
Reddish
-Pigments (phycobilin)
-Chlorophyll a
Most are marine (deep) and multicellular
The light they use for photosynthesis penetrates further down in the marine.
Red algae are eaten in some parts of the world (parts of Asia)
Economic Importance
Agar (drug/vitamin capsules, jellies)
Lab media for growing bacteria and other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Brownish
Chlorophyll a, c and other pigments (carotenoids)
Most are marine, multicellular, large (50-100m)
Holds water very well, when the tide pushes it ashore.
Includes kelps and other types of “seaweed”
Rocky coasts
Do not dry out (water retaining material)
Algin (smooth consistency)
Cream cheese, ice cream |
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Term
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Definition
Dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta)
Marine and freshwater, abundant (30,000/milliliter)
Most are unicellular with 2 flagella(use to move around).
Chlorophyll a & c (most)
Some lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic
Cellulose plates covering with silica
Similiar to Dynatons.
Autrophic just like green algae, but some are hetertropic. |
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Term
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Definition
Red tide is a naturally-occurring, higher-than-normal concentration of the microscopic algae
They grow out of control when there are too many nutrients int he marine (summer, spring time)
Can cause major fish deaths and make humans sick from eating raw oysters.
Red tide blooms often result in dead fish (toxins of the dinoflagellates)
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) (ingestion of oysters) |
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Term
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Definition
Amoeboids (Phylum Rhizopoda)
Freshwater (most)
Heterotrophic and no cell wall
Pseudopods - cytoplasmic extensions(uses this to go in one direction)
Move and ingest their food with pseudopods.
Phagocytize food.(engulfs food)
*No negative impacts, rare* |
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Term
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Definition
Ciliates (phylum Ciliophora)
-Heterotrophic
-Cilia beat in coordinated rhythm (locomotion or gather food).
-Divide by binary fission during asexual reproduction.
-High level of diversity
Paramecium
*Most of their body is covered by Ciliates* |
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Term
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Definition
Sporozoans (Phylum Apicomplexa)
-Non-motile protists
-Heterotrophic
-Parasitic
Forms spores (contained within cysts)
Each spore develops into a mature adult
Plasmodium vivax
Causes malaria
* Parstic, causes malaria, people are most familiar with it and it is non-motile* |
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Term
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Definition
A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by absorption, and reproduces by spores.
-Decomposers of dead organics (saprobes)
-“digest then ingest”
The primary carbohydrate storage product of fungi is glycogen.
Most are multicellular, few unicellular
Over 80,000 species classified
*NO CHLOROPHYLL*
Send out digestive enzymes and letting fungus ingest them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi and animals are mostly related. |
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Term
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Definition
Fungal cells different from plant cells.
-Lack chloroplasts(plants have chloroplasts)
-Cell wall: chitin(plants cell wall is cellulose)
-Energy reserve is glycogen (plants have starch)
-Some animals possess exoskeletons of chitin
-Energy reserve in animals is glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
Despite their diversity fungi share some key traits:
Heterotrophs, but do not ingest their food
-Fungi secrete exoenzymes into their surroundings which break down molecules and then the fungi absorbs the remaining smaller compounds
-This mode of nutrition is related to the diverse lifestyles exhibited by fungi:
-Decomposers, Parasites, Mutualistic symbionts
*Can be parastic and mutlialsitic in nature* |
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Term
| Fungal structure (see picture of mushroom) |
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Definition
Most of the structure is below ground
Produces spores
Hyphae inside of structure. |
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Term
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Definition
Fungi propagate themselves
-By producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually
-Spores can be carried long distances(by wind and water)
-Only if they land in an acceptable area will they germinate and produce new mycelia |
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Term
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Definition
Many fungi that can reproduce asexually
Grow as mold, sometimes on fruit, bread, and other foods
Clones are produced by mitotic production of spores
Other asexual fungi are yeasts
Which produce by simple cell division |
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