How old is the Earth? How long ago did life arise on Earth?

Spontaneous generation (obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms) refuted

 What important lesson was learned by Miller and Urey’s experiment?    

·      Describe RNA: What are the four possible nitrogen bases? 
 What is the structure? 

·      Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA? 
What was Rosalind Franklin’s contribution? 

     What are chromosomes? When do they appear?

What are homologous chromosomes? 

 What is a karyotype? 

·       Pictorial depiction of an organisms chromosomes

What are sister chromatids? 

·      What are mutations? 
 How can they contribute to microevolution?

Structural alteration, alter DNA structure

be passed to new cells
disrupt the transcription process of protein sythesis

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process whereby one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Gametic cells:

Haploid or diploid?

independent assortment:

When?

Independent assortment is the random assortment of chromosomes during the production of gametes, the results are genetically unique individual gametes.

Both occur during prophase I 

     Who was Gregor Mendel? How did he contribute to the field of genetics? Btw, what is genetics?

Father of Genetics

he deponstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

     Different forms of a given gene are called ________. What do the terms dominant and recessive mean? What does it mean for a genotype to be heterozygous? Homozygous?

Alleles

Dominant Allele refers to the expressed trait in a pair of genes,while the dormant,suppressed trait is the recessive allele.

1 dominant allele and one recessive alleles.

Alleles are either both recessive or both dominant

·             What is a genotype? 

What is a phenotype? How are they related phenotype and genotype?

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environent

Genotype are the genes (Bb/BB) and the phenotype is what is expressed (hair color)

Both genotype and phenotype determine what traits are passed on from parents to children. However, while genotype is what describes the genome which is about the physical DNA molecules, the phenotype describes the phenome which is about the physical properties like shape, form, color.



In incomplete dominance, the phenotype resembles a sort of blending of the two alleles. That is, if you have an allele for red petals and and allele for white petals, you end up getting pink petals with incomplete dominance.

Co-dominance is when both alleles are expressed separately. Human blood type is a good example of this. The A and B alleles are both expressed, so you get the AB blood type. In the petal color example above, you'd get a flower with white and red splotches.

·             What is polygenic inheritance? Conversely, what is pleiotropy?

Polygenic inheritance is when a single trait is controlled by 2 or more sets of alleles. 

Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon in which a single gene controls several distinct, and seemingly unrelated, phenotypic effects. 

         Mendel’s Laws: 1) Law of segregation
2) Law of independent assortment.
When do these occur during meiosis? 

Segregation: Alleles separate prior to the formation of gametes, or egg and sperm (this is what we now perceive as homologous chromosomes that separate during meiosis)

independent: individual traits are transmitted without being affected by others (what we now know as the random alignment of chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis).

Transcription

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·              What is a gene?