Term
| Most animals have one of three kinds of diets... |
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Definition
-Herbivore,plants:cattle, snails, sea urchins
-Carnivores, meat:lions,hawks, spiders
-Omnivores, both:humans, roaches, raccoons, crows |
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Term
| Animals obtain & ingest food in... |
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Definition
-Suspension feeding: coral, sponges
-Substrate feeding: caterpillar(in or on)
-Fluid feeders mosquito
Bulk feeders: bird |
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Term
| Food is processed in 4 stages: |
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Definition
-Ingestion
-Digestion
-Absorption
-Elimination |
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Term
| Mechanical digestion breaks food down to smaller pieces.... |
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Definition
| easier to swallow and more surface area exposed |
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Term
| Chemical digestion breaks down large organic molecules into their components.. |
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Definition
-Protiens into amino acids
-Polysaccharides & disaccharides into monosaccharides
-Nucleic acids into nucleotides |
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Term
| Most animals digest food in compartments... |
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Definition
-enzymes break down food
-food particles move into cells lining
-undigested materials are expelled |
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Term
| Most animals have an alimentary canal with... |
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Definition
-mouth
-anus
-specialized regions |
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Term
| Alternating waves of contraction & relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal move food along in a process is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sphincters control the movement .... |
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Definition
| of food into & out of digestive chambers |
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Term
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Definition
-regulates passage of food from stomach to small intestines
-limits upward movement of acids into esophagus |
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Term
| Teeth break up food, saliva moistens it... |
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Definition
-salivary enzymes begin hydrolysis of starch
-buffers neutralize acids
-antibacterial agents kills some bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-tastes & shapes the bolus of food
-moves it towards the pharynx |
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Term
| The trachea conducts air to the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to the... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-food moves from pharynx into esophagus
-prevents food from entering trachea
-coughing reflex helps expel materials accidentally enter trachea |
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Term
| The stomach sores food and breaks it down with... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-ph2
-parietal cells secrete hydrogen & chloride ions that combine to make HCI
-acid kills bacteria & breaks apart cells in food |
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Term
| Pepsinogen & HCI produce... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pepsin production activates more... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pepsin begins the chemical digestions of.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid gastric juices mix food to produce |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents gastric juices from digesting the walls of the stomach? |
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Definition
-mucus helps protect against HCI & pepsin
-new cells lining stomach are produced every 3 day |
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Term
| Digestive ailments include |
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Definition
| acid reflux & gastric ulcers |
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Term
| Acid reflux into esophagus is |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial infections in the stomach can produce |
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Definition
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Term
| The small intestine is the major organ of .. |
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Definition
| chemical digestion & nutrient absorption |
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Term
| Small intestine is about 6... |
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Definition
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Term
| Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes... |
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Definition
| acid chime & its enzymes digest food |
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Term
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Definition
| liver and stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat for attack by pancreatic enzymes |
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Term
| Enzymes from cells of the intestines continue |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface area for absorption is increased by.. |
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Definition
-folds in intestinal lining
-fingerlike villi |
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Term
| Nutrients pass across the epithelium and into |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood flows to the liver where nutrients are.. |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the liver's many functions is processing nutrient laden blood from |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood from the digestive tract drains to the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-glucose is converted to glycogen & stored in liver
-liver synthesized proteins like blood clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats & cholesterol
-liver changes toxins to less toxic
-liver produces bile |
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Term
| The large intestine reclaims.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diarrhea occurs when too little... |
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Definition
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Term
| constipation occurs when too much... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| colon bacteria produce vitamins such as: |
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Definition
-biotin
-vitamin K
-B vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
-junction of small intestine & colon
-Makes minor contribution to immunity |
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Term
| The length of the digestive track often correlates with |
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Definition
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Term
| Herbivores & omnivores have longer digestive tracts |
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Definition
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Term
| Many herbivores have specialized guts that promote the growth of |
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Definition
cellulose-digesting microbes
-rumen
-reticulum
-omasum
-abomasum |
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Term
| Healthy diet satisfies 3 needs: |
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Definition
-fuel to power body
-organic molecules to build molecules
-essential nutrients, raw materials animals cannot make for themselves |
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Term
| chemical energy powers the |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutrients are oxidized inside cells to make |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are the main source of |
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Definition
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Term
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy at |
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Definition
| resting an animal requires each day |
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Term
| Metabolic rate is the BMR plus the energy needed for |
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Definition
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Term
| Excess energy is stored as |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic rates typically decrease throughout |
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Definition
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Term
| An active life burns more |
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Definition
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Term
| An animal's diet must supply |
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Definition
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Term
| Essential nutrients cannot be made from any |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| missing essential nutrients |
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Term
| Animal cannot produce 8 of the |
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Definition
| 20 amino acids,that are essential & must come from diet |
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Term
| Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all 8 amino acids from |
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Definition
-animal protein
-combination of plant foods |
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Term
| A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins & many essential minerals: |
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Definition
-required in minute amounts
-excess can be dangerous
-excess water-soluble vitamins eliminate in urine
-excess fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate to dangerous levels in body fat |
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Term
| Minerals are simple organic nutrients required in small amounts... |
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Definition
-calcium & phosphorus are required in larger amounts
-most people digest more salt than needed. |
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Term
| Do you need to take vitamins and mineral supplements? |
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Definition
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are debated |
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Term
| Excessive doses of vitamin A & iron can be |
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Definition
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Term
| Some vitamin of vitamins are recommended by USDA such as: |
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Definition
-B12 for people over 50
-extra vitamin D for people with dark skin or who get little sun |
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Term
| What do food labels tell us? |
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Definition
-serving size
-calories per serving
-amounts of selected nutrients per serving & % of daily value
-recommendations of daily limits |
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Term
| The human health problem of obesity may reflect our |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consuming more food energy than needed |
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Term
| Of the people of the US... |
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Definition
-30% are obese
-35% are overweight
-15% of children & adolescents are overweight |
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Term
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Definition
-diabetes
-cancer
-cardiovascular disease
-300,000 deaths per year in US |
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Term
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Definition
-produced by fat cells
-suppresses appetite
-high levels in humans do not suppress appetite
-may be adaptive in humans to prevent excessive weight loss |
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Term
| What are the health risks & benefits of weight loss plans? |
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Definition
-may help individuals lose weight
-may lead to malnourishment |
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Term
| Most effective diets combine: |
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Definition
-increased exercise
-limited balance of 1200 calories a day |
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Term
| A healthy diet may reduce the risk of : |
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Definition
-cardiovascular disease
-cancer |
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Term
| 2 main types of cholesterol: |
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Definition
-LDL,contributes to blocked blood vessels & higher blood pressure
-HDL, tends to reduce blocked blood vessels |
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Term
| Exercising increases ____levels, smoking decreases______levels |
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Definition
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