Term
|
Definition
1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH into pituitary
2. Pituitary releases FSH
3. Developing egg releases more and more estrogen
4. Peak levels of LH cause ovulation from follicles
5.Corpus luteum remains in ovary then begins to break down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sperm are propelled from the epididymus through the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce 60-70% of semen fluid.
- Fructose: Energy for mitochondria
- Prostiglandins: Smooth muscle contraction
- Alkaline
- Seminolplasmin antibiotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Secretes products directly into the urethra through small ducts
- Thin, milky fluid
- Anticoagulant enzymes and citrate(sperm nutrient) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, the sperm pass into the coiled duct of the epididymis.
During this passage the sperm complete maturation and become motile. (Acquire the ability to fertilize egg) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Corpora Cavernosum and Corpus Spongiosum
Become erect when NO is produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small hood of the skin covering the glans, or head of the clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce sperm in highly coiled tubes called Seminiferous Tubules. |
|
|
Term
| Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper's Gland) |
|
Definition
A pair of small glands along the urethra below the prostate. Before ejaculation they secret a mucus that neutralizes any acidic urine.
"PRE-CUM" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fold of the body wall, maintains the testes temperature a few degrees lower that the rest of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly coiled tubes inside the testes that produce sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interstitial cells.
Found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that produce testosterone laying between seminiferous tubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supporting "nurse" cells inside seminiferous tubules. Tall, columnar cells that extend the full thickness of the epithelium from its base to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone and has FSH-receptor on its membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spermatid is the haploid male gametid that results from division of secondary spermatocytes. As a result of meiosis, each spermatid contains only half of the genetic material present in the original primary spermatocyte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Blood Testis Barrier
- Secrete Hormones(not testosterone)
- Mullenian Inhibiting Factor(Stops formation of Fallopian tubes)
- Inhibits production of FSH
- Adrogen Binding Protein
- Support for sperm development |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of Semen? |
|
Definition
<5% - Epididymus: Sperm + Fluid
~60% - Seminal Vesicals
- Fructose: Energy for mitochondria
- Prostiglandins: Smooth muscle contraction
- Alkaline
- Fibrinogen into Fibrin
- Seminoplasmic antibiotic
~30% - Prostatic Secretion
- Calcium ions
- Zinc ion
- Enzymes
- Converts fibrinogen into fibrin with Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
5% - Cowper's Secretion: "Pre-Cum" |
|
|
Term
| Process of Getting an Erection |
|
Definition
| Autonomic nervous system produces nitric oxide which relaxes smooth muscle allowing betting blood flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rete testis is located within the mediastinum testis and gives rise to several ducts that join a tube called the epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vessels of the rete testis terminate in 7-13 ducts, called the "efferent ductuli," which carry the seminal fluid from the testis to the epididymis. Their course is straight at first and then becomes convoluted to form a series of conical masses which together form the head of the epididymis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Name for sex hormones
ex. Testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian Cycle of the Human Female |
|
Definition
1. Release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
2. Anterior Pituitary stimulated to produce FSH and LH
3. FSH Stimulates follicles aided by LH
4. Cells of the growing follicles start to make estradiol
5. Estradiol secretion by the growing follicle begins to rise steadily
6. The FSH and LH levels increase markedly
7. The maturing follicle containing a fluid-filled cavity enlarges forming a bulge near the surface of the ovary
8. LH stimulates the follicular tissue left behind to transform into a corpus luteum. |
|
|
Term
| When does the follicular phase end? |
|
Definition
| At ovulation about a day after the LH surge. |
|
|
Term
| What path does sperm follow before entering the ejaculatory gland? |
|
Definition
1. Seminiferous Tubules
2. Rete testes
3. Efferent Ductules
4. Epididymis
5. Vas Deferens |
|
|
Term
| Mullenian Inhibiting Factor |
|
Definition
| Inhibits the formation of Fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends from the uterus to each ovary with the diameter differing in size as it's length with the diameter near the uterus being as thin as human hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collect egg once ovulating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inner lining of the uterus. Richly supplied with blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as the womb. Thick muscular organ that can accommodate a 4kg fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The neck of the uterus, opens into the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Female gonads that flank the uterus and are held in place in the abdominal cavity by ligaments. The outer layer is packed with follicles, each consisting of an oocyte, a partially developed egg, surrounded by a group of support cells.
Have about 1-2 Million follicles at birth and only about 500 fully mature between puberty and menopause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partially covers the vaginal opening in humans at birth and usually until intercourse or vigorous physical activity ruptures it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the middle layer of the uterine wall, consisting mainly of uterine smooth muscle cells. Its main function is to induce uterine contractions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It communicates with the uterine cavity via the internal orifice of the uterus, and with the vagina via the external orifice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A Fallopian tube.
Extends from the uterus to each ovary with the diameter differing in size as it's length with the diameter near the uterus being as thin as human hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Body
2. Glans
3. Prepuce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slender skin folds that borders the vaginal opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pair of thick fatty ridges that enclose and protect the rest of the vulva. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wall of the uterus that embryos attach to to receive nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH called the LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collective term for the outside of the female genitalia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partially developed egg, surrounded by a group of support cells that nourish and protect the oocyte during much of the formation and development of the egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ovaries, flank the uterus and are held in place in the abdominal cavity by ligaments. The outer layer is packed with follicles, each consisting of an oocyte, a partially developed egg, surrounded by a group of support cells.
Have about 1-2 Million follicles at birth and only about 500 fully mature between puberty and menopause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A female health disorder that occurs when cells from the lining of the womb (uterus) grow in other areas of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known as the female prostate and contributes to female ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males.
"PRE-CUM" |
|
|
Term
| What is the female hormonal cycle |
|
Definition
1. Luteinizing hormone rises and stimulates the follicle to produce estrogen
2. As estrogen is produced by the follicle, estrogen levels rise inhibiting the output of LH
3. Estrogen levels continue to rise to the threshold level at which point the negative feedback is reversed and LH surges
4. Ovulation occurs just after the LH surge damaging the estrogen-producing cells which results in a decline in estrogen
5. The LH surge results in the establishment of the corpus luteum -- an estrogen and progesterone secreting gland
6. Estrogen and progesterone serum levels climb steadily, supressing LH output
7. Lack of LH promotes the degeneration of the corpus luteum
8. Cessation of corpus luteum activity means a decline in estrogen and progesterone output
9. The decline in the ovarian hormones ends their negative effect on the secretion of LH
10. LH is secreted and the cycle begins again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Centriole
2. Mitochondrial Sheath (Spiral shaped) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. LH
B. Progesterone
C. Estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of reproductive cycle in all female mammals except higher primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is reabsorbed rather than shed, and sexual response occurs only during mid–cycle at estrus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Onset of puberty (age 10-12) |
|
|
Term
| Testis is to Ovaries as Scrotum is to _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) Functional gene product
b) Most likely prevalent in the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) No gene product
- Non sense
b) Less effective
c) More effective
d) New gene product
e) Harmful gene product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 Allele produces same phenotype as 2 would. Half of the enzyme (gene product) is enough to produce wild type.
Also called Completely Dominant
Example with Albinos
AA = Pigmented
aa = Albino
Aa = Pigmented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterozygotes have an INTERMEDIATE phenotype
RR - Red
R'R' - White
RR' - Pink
Also called Incompletely dominant or partially dominant. |
|
|
Term
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
H - Wild type transporter
h - No transporter
HH - Wild type - ~200mg/dL
Hh - - ~600mg/dL
hh - - >1200mg/dL
Is this haplo-insufficient or haplo-sufficient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
R' - Red
R" - White
T - Tall
t - Dwarf
Heterogeneous is crossed with a white dwarf. How many possible phenotypes are there? |
|
Definition
R'R"Tt x R"R"tt
TR'
TR"
tR'
tT"
4 possibilities |
|
|
Term
R' - Red
R" - White
T - Tall
t - Dwarf
Heterogeneous is crossed with a white dwarf. How many possible phenotypes are there? |
|
Definition
R'R"Tt x R"R"tt
TR'
TR"
tR'
tT"
4 possibilities |
|
|
Term
Huntington's Disease
What age is the onset? Life expectancy post onset?
H - Huntington's
h - Wild Type
hh - Wild type
HH - Huntington's
Hh - Huntington's
Is this haplo-sufficient or haplo-insufficient?
Hh x hh = What % chance of getting Huntington's? |
|
Definition
35 years
10 years
Haplo-Sufficient
Hh x hh = 50% chance
Hh
Hh
hh
hh |
|
|
Term
Codominance in Parakeets
F' - Blue
F" - Yellow
What are the resulting possible phenotypes? |
|
Definition
F'F' - Blue
F"F" - Yellow
F'F" - Green |
|
|
Term
MN Blood group
M - Glycogen M
N - Glycogen N
What are the phenotypes? |
|
Definition
MM - Glycogen Type M
NN - Glycogen Type N
MN - Glycogen Type MN
Codominance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During a typical 4-week menstrual cycle, one follicle matures and expels it's egg. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Spermotogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during Oogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vesicle at the tip of the sperm cell that contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg. |
|
|
Term
What is the endometrium's response when.
A. GnRH rate is slow
B. GnRH rate is fast
C. GnRH ceases |
|
Definition
A. Thickening
B. Maturing
C. Sloughed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The permanent cessation of ovulation and menstruation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which gametes are produced in mammalian bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature oocytes that remain quiescent within small follicles until puberty when hormones reactivate them. |
|
|
Term
| Phases of the Uterine Cycle |
|
Definition
| Proliferation phase; secretory phase; menstrual flow phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cyclic recurrence of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in the mammalian ovary, regulated by hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of reproductive cycle in higher female primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is shed as a bloody discharge through the cervix into the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oocytes arrested at metaphase II that are released only when matured; follicle breaks open at that point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens. |
|
|
Term
| Phases of the Ovarian Cycle |
|
Definition
| Follicular phase; ovulation; luteal phase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when menstrual bleeding occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The development of mature ova |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stem cells that give rise to sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium continues to thicken, becomes more vascularized, and develops glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle of the human female; also called the menstrual cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles are growing and oocytes maturing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The development of mature sperm cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The release of an egg from ovaries. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine (menstrual) cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovary-specific stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two alleles both affect the phenotype inseparate distinguishable ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testing done on a fetus at 14 to 18 weeks by inserting a needle into the uterus and removing amniotic fluid to be used for testing for genetic disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An additive effect for two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single gene affects several phenotypic characters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a phenotype is somewhere between the two parental varieties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A gene at one locus alters phenotypic expression of gene at second locus.
[image]
|
|
|
Term
| Complete Dominance (Haplo-Sufficient) |
|
Definition
| The phenotypes of heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are undistiguishable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alternative versions of genes account for variantion in inherited characteristics.
For each charater an organism inherits two alleles on from each parent
if the two allels at a locus differ the dominant allele determines the phenotype, the recessive allele is rarely shown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When genes exist in more than two allelic forms.
ie. Blood types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heritable feature that varies among individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A needle thin tube with viewing scope and fiber optics is inserted into uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic component plus a signigicant An An environmental component that contributes to a disease.
Such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism, and certain mental illnesses(schizophrenia and bipolar disorder).
In many cases, the heredity component is polygenic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characters that vary in the population along a continuum. |
|
|
Term
At the physiological starting point of the menstrual cycle order in which these hormones peak?
FSH
Progesterone
Estrogen
LH |
|
Definition
1. FSH
2. Estrogen
3. LH
4. Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| When does implantation occur? |
|
Definition
| 7 days after fertaliztion |
|
|
Term
From the navel toward the groin. In what sequence should the following structures appear in a normal male
1. Cowper’s Glands
2. Internal Urethral Sphincter
3. Seminal Vesicles
4. Prostate Gland
5. Ureters |
|
Definition
5. Ureters
3. Seminal Vesicles
2. Internal Urethral Sphincter
4. Prostate Gland
1. Cowper's Gland |
|
|
Term
What is the proper anatomical arrangement of the following structures, proceeding from posterior to anterior?
1. Clitoris
2. Urethral Orifice
3. Vaginal Orifice
4. Mons Pubis
5. Anus |
|
Definition
5. Anus
3. Vaginal Oriface
2. Urethral Oriface
1. Clitoris
4. Anus |
|
|
Term
What are the sites of action of these components of semen.
1. Acrosomal Enzymes
2. Prostiglandins
3. Prostate Enzymes
4. Alkaline Secretions
5. Fructose |
|
Definition
1. Egg Cell
2. Vaginal Wall
3. Vagina
4. Vagina, male urethra
5. Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Mimics LH in maintaining secretion of progesterone and estrogens by the corpus luteum through the first few months of pregnancy. Secreted by the embryo to signal its presence. |
|
|
Term
| If no hCG was produced what would occur? |
|
Definition
| The corpus luteum would deteriorate and progesterone levels would drop, resulting in menstruation and loss of the embryo. |
|
|
Term
| Levels of what hormone in the maternal blood are so high they are excreted in urine and it's presence is the basis of early pregnancy tests. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pregnancy, the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division of the zygote about 24 hours after contraception. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sphere of cells surrounding a central cavity. Produced by cleavage after about 5 days. Implanted into the endometrium after about 7 days. |
|
|
Term
| How does a the embryo receive nourishment prior to implantation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chorion consists of two layers: an outer formed by the trophoblast, and an inner formed by the somatic mesoderm; the amnion is in contact with the latter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Villi extending from the chorion that maximizes area of contact to maternal blood. Works as an exchange between the maternal blood and the fetal placenta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released from neurons within the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| These two hormones regulate gametogenesis directly, by targeting tissues in the gonads, as well as indirectly by regulating sex hormone production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the principle sex hormones in males and females? |
|
Definition
Males: Androgens, especially testosterone
Females: Estrogens, especially estradiol and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| In the testis ____ stimulates sertoli cells, which nourish developing sperm. ____ stimulates the production of androgens(mainly testosterone), which in turn stimulate sperm production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In both males and females, ____ encourages the growth of cells that support and nourish developing gametes(follicle cells in females and sertoli cells in males), and ____ stimulates the production of sex hormones that promote gametogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meaning they contain moderate amounts of yolk in a gradient. |
|
|
Term
| The different cells derived from cleavage are called ___________ and form a compact mass called the _________. Cleavage ends with the formation of the __________. |
|
Definition
1. Blastomeres
2. Morula
3. Blastula |
|
|
Term
Which of these processes still appear to be occurring in such individuals at maturity?
1. menstruation 2. ovulation 3. GnRH secretion 4. gonadotropin secretion 5. human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secretion |
|
Definition
| 3. GnRH secretion 4. gonadotropin secretion |
|
|
