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| one of two families of nitrogeneous bases found in nucleotides - cytosine, thymine |
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| one of two families of nitrogeneous bases in nucleotides- adenine guanine |
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| the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; a double stranded, helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and Thymine (T) |
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| A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucletide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U); usually single stranded; fuctions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses |
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| the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide stands wound up into a spiral shape |
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| the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template |
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| the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids |
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| an enzyme that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template |
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| an enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template |
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| a cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioing as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasma. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus |
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| a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located at the start of a gene, that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins |
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| a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, and then to depart from the gene |
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Definition
| a set of three-nucleotide--long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains |
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Definition
| a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid or plypeptide termination signal-the basic unit of the genetic code |
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Definition
| on a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three-nucleotides that is complimentary to a codon triplet on mRNA |
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| messenger RNA - the type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic info. from DNA and conveys its ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences |
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| transfer RNA - a type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA |
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Definition
| the type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA (ribosomal) |
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| a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; the ultimate source of genetic diversity |
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| a chemical of physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation |
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| the process whereby genetic info. flows from genes to proteins; the flow of information from the genotype to the phenotype |
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| the specialization in the structure and function of cells that occurs during the development of an organism; results from selective activation and deactivation of the cell's genes |
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| a unit of genetic regulation common in prokaryotes; a cluster of genes with related fucntions; aling with the promoter and operator that control their transcription |
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| in prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. the binding of repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon |
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Definition
| a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA; located at the start of a gene, that is the binding site for DNA plymerase and the place where transciption begins |
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| a protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon |
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| sugar molecule (lactose) which binds repressor proteins |
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Definition
| a eukaryotic DNA sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it; functions by means of a transcription factor called an activator, which binds to it and then to the rest of the transcription apparatus |
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| a small protein molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaryotic chromosome |
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| the bead-like unit of DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell; consists of DNA wound around a protein core made up of eight histone molecules |
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| in eukaryotes, a coding portion of a gene |
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| in eukaryotes, a nonexpressed (noncoding) portion of a gene that is excised from the RNA transcript |
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| an abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body |
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| an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor |
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| the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site |
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| a cancer-causing gene; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount or activity of a growth factor made by the cell |
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| a cancer-causing agent; either high-energy radiation or a chemical |
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| restriction fragment length polymorphisms: the differences in homologous DNA sequences that are reflected in different lenths of restriction fragments produced when the DNA is cut up with restriction enzymes |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction - a technique used to obtain many copies of a DNA molecule; a small amount of DNA mized with the enzyme DNA polymerase, DNA Nucleotides, and a few other ingredients replicates repeatedly in a test tube |
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| a procedure that analyzes an individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes; can be used to determine whether to samples of genetic material are from the same individual |
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| base substitution which converts one amino acid into another |
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Definition
| converts an amino acid into a stop codon, causing a truncated protein |
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| base insertion or deletion, which shifts the reading frame |
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Definition
| sugar molecule (lactose) which binds repressor protein |
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