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| complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism |
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| a hereditary unit of DNA; a discrete unit for genetic coding |
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| an alternative form of a gene, seen phenotypically |
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| study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species |
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| fostered development of cheaper, more efficient techniques by looking at every single human gene and mapping out the entire nucleotide sequence |
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| when did the human genome project start and end |
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| goal of the human genome project |
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| to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of each chromosome - accomplished by using sequencing machines |
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| whole-genome shotgun approach |
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| procedure for genome sequencing in which the genome is randomly cut into many short overlapping segments that are sequenced; software then assembles the complete sequence. |
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| collection and sequencing of DNA from a group of species, usually an environmental sample of microorganisms |
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| use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets |
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| to centralize resources for analyzing genome sequences |
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| What is the major goal of bioinformatics? |
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| software that allows the visitor to compare DNA sequences with every sequence in GenBank |
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| NCBI database of sequences containing 159 million fragments of genomic DNA, totaling 184 billion base pairs |
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1) understanding the functions of protein-coding genes
2) understanding genes and gene expression at the system level |
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| 2 questions that bioinformatics researchers ask |
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| Encyclopedia of DNA elements -- focused intensely on 1% of the human genome and attempted to learn all they could about functionally important elements in that sequence |
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| approach aiming to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of interactions among the system's parts |
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| systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes |
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| sequences of DNA that do not encode protein sequences but can be transcribed to produce important regulatory molecules |
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| DNA that do not typically code for proteins |
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| similar to real genes but do not code for proteins |
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| a segment of dna that can move within the genome of a cell by means of DNA and RNA intermediates |
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| first to propose the idea of mobile genetic elements after observing variegations in corn kernel color. Received Nobel Prize in 1983 |
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| transposable element that moves within a genome by means of DNA intermediate |
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| transposable element that moves within the genome by means of a RNA intermediate |
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| large transposable elements found in humans and other primates. Related DNA consists of a family of similar sequences |
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| % of human genome do ALU elements compose |
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| series of repeats with units containing 2-5 nucleotides |
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| an individuals unique set of genetic markers, detected most often by PCR |
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| collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin |
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| basis of change at the genomic level, underlying much of genome evolution |
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| deletion, insertion, substitution, and duplication |
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| result of an accident in meiosis: one or more extra sets of chromosomes |
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| domain (in regards to proteins) |
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| a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions |
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| occasional mixing and matching of different exons either within a gene or between two different genes owing to errors in meiotic recombination |
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| How transposable elements shape a genome over evolutionary time |
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Definition
1. Promote recombination
2. disrupt cellular genes or control elements
3. carry entire genes or individual exons to new locations |
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| what it means to say a gene sequence has been highly conserved |
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| when comparing distantly related species, gene sequence has remained similar |
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an allele of this gene has been identified as involved in language development in humans.
mutation causes delay of learning to speak leading to language disorder. |
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| single nucleotide substitutions of one base for another. Must be present in 1% of population. Occur throughout human genome |
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| field that unites embryology, ecology and genetics. |
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| 180 base pair segment of DNA found in certain homeotic genes; regulates the expressions of other genes and thus controls large-scale developmental processes. |
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| evolution can be observed and tested |
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| Male turtles wiggling their claws in front of female turtles |
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| Which of these naturalists synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin? |
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| Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes |
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| During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its nck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in corresponding this student's misconception? |
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| Genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations is |
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1. A change occurs in the environment
2. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship
3. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals
4. Genetic frequencies within the population change |
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| Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? |
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| Macroevolution and microevolution are both a genetic change in a species over time |
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| choose which organism to breed, and which do not |
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| The role that humans play in artificial selection is to.... |
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| Which of the evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environment over the course of generations? |
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| Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, know as _____ are be ultimate source of new alleles. |
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| With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophismmost in conflict? |
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| In this type of sexual selections, individuals of one sex (usually female) are choosy in selection mates |
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| The formation of new species is termed ______ |
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| the biological species concept defines a species |
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| As a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring |
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| Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed except that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn? |
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| Two species that sometimes mate and produce vigorous but sterile offspring are separated by |
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| A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations are to separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing? |
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| The geographic isolation of a population for other members and the subsequent evolution of reproductive barriers between it and the parent species describes _____ speciation. |
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| A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is _______. |
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| evolution can make a perfect organism |
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| which of the following is a domain? |
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| Polyploidy........habitat differentiation and sexual selection |
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| Sympatric speciation commonly occurs through ___ in plants, but is more likely to occur through ____ in animals. |
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| Which of the following is an organism found inn the Kingdom Fungi? |
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| domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| Which of the following is the correct taxonomical hierarchy (from broad to specific)? |
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| It is important to learn about evolution because of its role in human diseases and medicines. |
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| The scientific study of fossils is |
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| The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is termed |
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| The principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time is |
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| A _____ structure is a historical remnant of structures that had important functions in ancestors |
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| The type of genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as a natural disaster or humans actions, which in turns decreases genetic variation is the _____ |
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| natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow |
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Definition
| Which of the following can alter allele frequencies in a population? |
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| The unifying theme in biology |
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| Supported by, and make sense of many observations |
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| Which of the following statements best describes theories? |
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| descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| Which of the following statements would darwin have disagreed with |
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| natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organisms fitness |
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Definition
| Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false? |
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| it is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi |
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Definition
| Which of the following would prevent an organism from becoming part of the fossil record when it dies? |
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| Which of the following disciplines has found evidence for evolution based on the native distributions (locations) of living species? |
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| bones in the flipper of a whale |
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Definition
| Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? |
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| Evolution is about the origin of life |
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| there is no gene flow with the surrounding population |
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| Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinburg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of sexually reproducing species? |
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| allele frequency cannot be determined from this information |
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Definition
| You sample a population of butterflies and find that 42% are heterozygous at a particular locus (location of gene). What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population? |
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| (480+360+360=1200)/2000=.6 |
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| In a hypothetical population of 1,000 people, tests of blood-type genes show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB, and 360 have the genotype BB. What is the frequency of the B allele? |
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| group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time |
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| In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of heterozygote individuals in a population is equal to |
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| The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits is |
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| which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environment over the course of generations? |
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Definition
| French scientist that developed paleontology and advocated catastrophism was |
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| two species that occasionally mate and produce zygotes, but the zygote has incompatible genes that prevent the resulting embryo from developing, are separated by |
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| organisms that possess more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes are said to be |
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| an area has a high number of species that exploit most of the available ecological opportunities |
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| Which of the following would tend to promote adaptive radiation? |
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| in the _____ model, fossils appear to have diverged gradually over long periods of time |
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| most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, and then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. |
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| according to the punctuated equilibrium model, |
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| evolution of drug-resistant HIV is one direct observation for the occurrence evolution |
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| descent with modification |
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| Darwin's term for evolution combining the ideas that all living things are related and that organisms have changed over time. |
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| came up with the idea of scala naturae |
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| idea that organisms are unchanging and range from simple to complex; no extinction, no new species, no variation; idea that developed before world exploration and discovery of fossils |
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| who came up with Binomial nomenclature, developed first successful system for classifying living things into similar groups, still used today |
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| classification system in which species is assigned a two-part scientific name |
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| scottish geologist who advocated gradualism (earth's physical features gradually changed due to slow geological processes) |
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| What is James Hutton known for? |
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| Were Jean Baptiste de Lamarck's ideas accurate? |
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| Essay on population that argued human population would always increase faster than food supply |
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| What was Thomas Malthus known for? How did he influence Charles Darwin? |
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| principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by different mechanisms than those operating today |
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| wrote principles of geology; established the doctrine of uniformitarianism |
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| Name of the ship Charles Darwin was the naturalist on with the Captain Fitzroy? Mission? |
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| inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in specific environments |
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| The Origin of species, explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce |
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| name of the book Charles Darwin wrote? |
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| A strain of bacterium which has evolved resistance to most antibiotics by the process of natural selection. Overuse of antibiotics and failure to complete the course makes resistance more likely to evolve. |
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| evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages |
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| referring to a species thats confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area |
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| slow movement of earths plates across the planets surface |
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| 2nd element in latin binomial name of a species |
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| How do we link classification with systematics? |
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| shows inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities, based upon similarities and differences in physical or genetic characteristics |
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| branch point, sister taxa, basil taxa polygamy |
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| how do you read a phylogenic tree? |
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Definition
| A single metabolite that is an intermediate in two or more biosynthetic pathways |
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| any taxa derived from a common ancestral node |
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| a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group |
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| approach to systematics in which common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms |
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| a monophyletic group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
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| taxon, (group of organisms) consists of ancestral species and its descendants. |
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| a non-clade group in which some members have different ancestors |
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| non-clade group which consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants |
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| shared ancestral character |
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| a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
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| a character that is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
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| evolutionary relationships we seek to determine from species or group of species |
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| a species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the species we are studying |
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| the concept that some genes evolve at constant rates, and which is used to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change |
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| Differences rate for different genes are a function of how important a gene is. Researchers have used this to date the origins of HIV infections in humans |
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Definition
| how are molecular clocks used? |
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| archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
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Definition
| What are the three domains we use today? |
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Definition
| process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusions of organisms |
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The sequence of branching in a tree does not necessarily indicate the actual absolute ages of particular species.
We should not assume that it Texon on a phylogenic tree evolved from the taxon next to it. |
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| what can we learn and not learn from phylogenic trees |
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| what are some practical applications to using phylogenies |
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Homology-phenotypic and genetic similarities do to shared ancestry
Anology-similarities do to convergent evolution rather than common discent |
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| compare and contrast homology with analogy |
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