Term
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Definition
| ZPA (Zone of Polarizing Activity) is a molecule that animals need to form digits on hands and feet normally. With out ZPA, a limb will have malformed digits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Bimodal curve is an M shaped curve. Where most students last test got mostly B's or D's. |
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Term
| Totipotent is in adult cells or embryonic cells? |
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Definition
| Totipotent is in embryonic cells. |
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Term
| Pluripotent is in embryonic cells or adult cells? |
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Definition
| Pluripotent cells are in adult cells. |
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Term
| Embryonic cells are also called what besides totipotent? |
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Definition
| Embryonic cells are also called stem cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Induction is one group of cells causing another group of cells to differeniate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A limb bud is a bump on an embryo where a limb will form. |
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Term
| What does ZPA molecule do? |
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Definition
| Moves by diffusion in limb bud over gradiant of molecules. |
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Term
| What happens when we place ZPA molecules on two sides of the limb bud? |
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Definition
| When we place ZPA molecules on two sides of the limb bud, we get mirror image digits. This was an experiement and had something to do with Vitamin A. |
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Term
| There was an experiment done on fruit flies and what gene was found? |
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Definition
| From an experiment on fruit flies, the gene "Hedgehog" was found. |
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Term
| What is "Hedgehog" and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Hedgehog is a gene in fruit flies that does the same thing in fruit flies that ZPA does in chickens. |
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Term
| What gene was found in chickens? |
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Definition
| "Sonic Hedgehog" was found in chickens, and is the same as the ZPA molecule. |
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Term
| ZPA was found in fish and some other animals because of what? |
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Definition
| ZPA was found in other animals because of the function of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Homeotic genes are regulatory genes that control the placement and spacial organization of body parts on an organism. It determines whether a limb bud will be a hind limb or a fore limb. |
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Term
| From homeogenes comes a homeobox. What is a homeobox? |
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Definition
| A homeobox is a sequence of neucleotides that produces a sequence of amino acids that turn on or off genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Hoxgenes" identify if a part of the animal with be the but or the head. Hoxgenes are also found in fruit flies and humans. Humans have four sets of hoxgenes. They determine the same thing in both humans and fruit flies. |
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Term
| Where else have hoxgenes been found? |
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Definition
| Hoxgenes have been found in funi and plants. It's all connected! |
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Term
| Neil Shubin wrote a book called "Your inner fish". He's a paleantologist, whose team discovered what in 2004? |
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Definition
| Neil Shubin and his team discovered Tiktalik, a fishapod. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiktalik is a fishapod. It's a vertebrate animal composed of fish and anphibeans. |
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Term
| Why doesn't the phicisist's Theory of Everything (TOE) work? |
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Definition
| There's no evidence to support it! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| There are five different components of Evolution. Name the first. |
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Definition
| The first component of Evolution is Perpetual change. |
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Term
| What does perpetual change mean? |
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Definition
| Perpetual change means always changing or decent with modification. (Evolution).Change in time, change in generations. I can't evolve, however my decendants can. |
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Term
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Definition
| No, only my decendants can. |
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Term
| What is the evidence to support perpetual change? |
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Definition
| The evidence to support perpetual change is fossils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fossils need to have proper conditions. Sediments cover over body to preserve it. Because of the pressure of the sediments, organic molecules get replaced one by one with inorganic molecules. Called radio-isotope dating. |
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Term
| How old have some fossils been preserved? |
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Definition
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Term
| To deny perpetual change is to what? |
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Definition
| To deny perpetual change is to deny history. |
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Term
| Name the second component of evolution: |
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Definition
| The second component of evolution is common decent. |
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Term
| What is the evidence of common decent? |
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Definition
| The evidence of common decent is comparative studies, anatomy (vertebrates), cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic, photosynthesis (evolved early), and DNA molecules, Taxonomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phylogeny is a family tree. |
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Term
| What is the third component of evolution? |
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Definition
| The thir component of evolution is multiplication of species. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for multiplication of species? |
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Definition
| If a population splits and grows farther apart over a long period of time. they'll survive. |
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Term
| What is the fourth component of evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gradualism is small changes over long periods of time. AKA Phyletic transformation. |
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Term
| what is gradualism also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the evidence to support gradualism? |
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Definition
| The evidence is everywhere. Intermediate species. |
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Term
| Small quantitative changes produce what? |
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Definition
| Small quantitative changes produce qualitative change. |
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Term
| Dinosours went extict except for one species. Which one? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fifth component of evolution? |
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Definition
| Mechanism of evolution (natural selection): adaptation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A population is all individuals of the same species living in a particular area. |
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Term
| There are five observations of evolution. What's the first one? |
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Definition
| The first observation of evolution is Darwins favorite example, elephants. They are incredibly large and slow growing species, yet will produce over 19 million decedants over a 750 year time span. |
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Term
| What is the second observation of evolution? |
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Definition
| Some populations boom and bust. Others are more even. |
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Term
| What is the third observation of evolution? |
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Definition
| Limited resources, example water. |
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Term
| There are three inferences. What is the first one? |
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Definition
| The first inference is the struggle for existance. Not violent. |
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Term
| What is the fourth observation of evolution? |
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Definition
| There are variations of things in populations. |
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Term
| What is observation number 5 of evolution? |
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Definition
| Variation is heritable. Genetics. Gegor Mendell wanted to proove this. |
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Term
| What is the second inference of evolution? |
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Definition
| Some survive better and others reproduce better. |
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Term
| What is the third inference of evolution? |
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Definition
| New adaptations and new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei to creat diploid nuclei. |
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Term
| What does sperm penetration do? |
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Definition
| Sperm penetration activates the egg. |
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Term
| The purple lining in the egg is the Vitelline membrane. What other membrane is there in the egg? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two layers or membranes are there in the egg? |
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Definition
| The Vitelline membrane and the Egg Plasma membrane. |
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Term
| What do sperm binding receptors do? and where are they located? |
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Definition
| Sperm binging receptors are ready to receive egg recognition proteins. located on the head of the sperm. |
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Term
| After the sperm penetrates then what happens? |
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Definition
| membranes fuse: sperm penetration. |
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Term
| Where are cortical gradules located? |
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Definition
| around the egg. and are highly organized. |
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Term
| What do cortical granules do in the egg? |
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Definition
| they discharge contents when fuse of membranes happens in between region of two membranes. this attracts water. |
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Term
| The term hydroscopic can describe what reaction? |
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Definition
| water attracting to a region. like in the cortical reaction. |
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Term
| Why is the cortical reaction also called the slow block to polyspermy? |
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Definition
| its called the slow block because it takes 30 to 60 seconds. |
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Term
| what is the fast block to polyspermy? |
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Definition
| the fast block to polyspermy is an electro chemical change in plasma membrane that sets up a forcefield. this prevents other sperm from entering the egg. happens in 1 to 2 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yes! It's important to keep it to only one sperm. |
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Term
| The Vitelline membrane becomes a physical barrier and an ? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the time of sperm penetration, has fertilization happened yet? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dividing zygote into smaller and smaller cells. |
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Term
| Can cells be activated artificially? |
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Definition
| yes. like 2 celled embryo experiemtns. |
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Term
| how were experiments done to artificially activate eggs of two celled embryos? |
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Definition
| with a needle, and exposed to a mildelectronic shock. this activates the egg and then the chromosome number spontaneously doubles. |
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Term
| What needs to take place in order for fertilization or egg activation to occur? |
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Definition
| Sublethal damage to the egg cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Which two groups can make identical twins? |
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Definition
| Echinoderms and Chordates! |
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Term
| In identical twins, the cells are indeterminant or determinant? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does indeterminant mean? |
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Definition
| that fate is not irreversably determined. the cells have the capability to regulate their developement or adjust. |
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Term
| in indeterminant cells, the cells have the capability to do what? |
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Definition
| regulate their developement or adjust. |
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Term
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Definition
| what an area of a younger embryo will become in an older embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity is what an area of a younger embryo is able to do under a variety of experimental conditions. |
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Term
| Fate is not equal to capacity in? |
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Definition
| echinoderms and chordates. |
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Term
| cells are totipotent until what cell stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does totipotent mean? |
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Definition
| totipotent means that those cells have the potential to become an entire animal. they are stem cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| pluripotent is adult stem cells and they are specific as to what they can become. only have potential to become one thing and not a whole nother being. |
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Term
| what are morphilogical determinants? |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic substances act to turn on or off genes equally distributed in both cells. both cells meaning totipotent and pluripotent. |
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Term
| Anelids, Arthropods and Mollusks when divided in the two cell stage will have one cell develope into what? |
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Definition
| one cell will develope into the left and the other cell developes into the right side of the animal. eventually they die. |
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Term
| Anelids, Arthropods, and Mollusks are determinant because? |
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Definition
| fate of cells are irreversable. |
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Term
| in determinant cells, fate and capacity is equal. this happens in what animals? |
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Definition
| Anelids, Arthropods, and mollusks. |
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Term
| Developement is determined is also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphological determinants are what? |
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Definition
| different because already separated at the 2 cell stage. |
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Term
| is developement controled by the nucleus or the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| the egg has a lot or a little cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| sperm has a lot or little cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many clevage patterns are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Echinoderms and chordates have what clevage pattern? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anelids, Arthropods and Mollusks have what clevage pattern? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the summary of clevage? |
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Definition
1) single cell zygote is converted into a mulitcellular animal or embryo.
2) typically no increase in size.
3) embryo doesn't change shape (spherical)
4) ratio of DNA to cytoplasm increases to normal. |
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Term
| in a gastrula, what's in the middle? |
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Definition
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Term
| in a blastocoel what is the outer layer of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| in a blastocoel what is the inner layer of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the opening of the blastocoel called? |
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Definition
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Term
| in primitave chordates, amphioxes, mesoderm forms in what way? |
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Definition
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Term
| pouches form in the entcelous way, called what? |
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Definition
| chordamesoderm. separate from another object. |
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Term
| The notochord causes the ectoderm to do what? |
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Definition
| The notochord causes the ectoderm to invaginate creating a nerual groove for the nervous system. |
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Term
| Hilda Mangold was a student and her mentor Hans Speman found what? |
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Definition
| found that when they stuck two notochords together, there were two animals stuck together. |
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Term
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Definition
| establishes longitudinal axes of body and induces formation of nervous system. |
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Term
| the embryo dies with out what? |
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Definition
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Term
| speman mangold found out that the chordamesoderm is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| BMP-4 is what? and what does it do? |
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Definition
| a gene. it tells cells to become bottom cells. |
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Term
| Noggin is what and what does it do? |
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Definition
| noggin is a gene and it turns off bmp-4. so cells develope into the top half of the animal. |
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