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| A substance with an affinity for water |
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| A substance that is nonionic and nonpolar, repels water |
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| The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight |
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| A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion and a hydrogen ion. |
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| A water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+ |
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| A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH- |
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| A susbstance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution |
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| The study of carbon compounds. |
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| One facet of carbon's versatility, that makes large, complex molecules possible. |
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| An organic molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen |
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| A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions |
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
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| A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of these |
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| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of polymer. |
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| A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers |
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| The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O |
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| A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages. |
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| An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
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| One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water |
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| Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat. |
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| A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Form bilayers that function as biological membranes. |
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| A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached. |
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| a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones |
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| A organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; serve as the monomers of polypeptides |
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| The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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| A polymer of amino acids, range in length; has a unique linear sequence of amino acids |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catlyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; A catalytic protein |
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| A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure. |
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| A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other protein |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein |
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| A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. |
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| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
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| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and mebrane-enclosed organelles |
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| Basic features of all cells |
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| Plasma membrane, semi-fluid substance called cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes |
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| A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
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| The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane |
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| An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. A cluster of neurons |
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| The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. |
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| A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus |
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| A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly |
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| components of endomembrane system |
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| Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane |
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| Accounts for more than 1/2 of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells |
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| Smooth ER, lack ribosomes; rough ER, ribosomes studding it's surface |
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| Synthesis lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poison, stores calcium |
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| Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins; distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes; membrane factory for the cell |
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| Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins; distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes; membrane factory for the cell |
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| Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. |
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| Functions of golgi apparatus |
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| Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts & packages materials into transport vesicles. |
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| A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
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| A network of fibers; organizes structures & activities in cell; made of protein |
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| 3 types of molecular structures |
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| Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
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| functions of microtubules |
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| Shaping the cell; guiding movement of organelles; separating chromosomes during cell division |
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| Range in diameter from 8-12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules; support cell shape & fix organelles in place. |
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| Support, adhesion, movement, regulation |
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| A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances. |
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| Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| Totality of an organism's chemical reactions consisting of canabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. |
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| A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product |
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| Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. |
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| Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
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| Kinetic (motion), heat (thermal), potential (location or structure), chemical |
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| Often supplied in the form of heat from surroundings. |
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| The reactant that an enzyme acts on. |
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| A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). |
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| The specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. |
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| Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. |
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| The active site can lower an EA barrier by |
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| Orienting substrates correctly; straining substrate bonds; providing a favorable micro environment; covalently bonding to the substrate |
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| An enzyme's activity can be affected by |
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| General environmental factors, such as temperature and pH; chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme |
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| Movement of a substance a from high concentration to a low concentration. |
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| Diffusion of water down from a high concentration to a low concentration. |
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| Solute concentration of a system. |
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