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a chemical produced by one cell that controls other cells
EX: HGH |
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| cells organized into organs that secret hormones |
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| secret hormones into a duct that leads outside the body. Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands. |
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| secret hormones directly into blood or interstitial fluid inside the body |
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| calls that can respond to specific hormones |
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| proteins on target cells that bind and respond to specific hormones |
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Secreted directly into the blood stream by endocrine glands.
EXS: include Thyroxine, Adrenaline, Testosterone, Estrogen, Insulin, and Glucagon. |
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| A hormone that is produced by one cell and moves a short distance through interstitial fluid to reach target cells. Prostaglandins is a paracrine hormone. |
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| secreted between nerve cells, between nerve and muscle cells, or nerve and gland cells. |
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secreted by exocrine glands. Affect cells in another individual
EX:Baby likes mom’s bra over another women’s bra when blindfolded
EX: Women who spend a lot of time together have synchronized menstrual cycles |
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| Hypothalamus (Neuroendocrine control center) |
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| inside the brain. Closely associated with pituitary. Secretes eight total hormones. Two of these, ADH and Oxytocin, are stored in the pituitary. The other six are involved in releasing or inhibiting other hormones in the pituitary gland. |
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| cuddle hormone, bonding, trust. In females after labor contractions so that mothers don’t hurt their babies. Males and females after an orgasm. |
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| feel-good or pain tolerance hormones produced by hypothalamus and pituitary after strenuous exercise, excitement, orgasms, extreme sports, injury, or spicy foods |
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| right near hypothalamus, stores ADH and oxytocin |
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| biggest peaks occur during puberty and a half hour after you go to sleep. Decreases as you get older. |
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| Growth Hormones roles in the body |
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• Increase height in children
• Increase size and strength in bones
• Increase muscle mass
• Stimulates growth of all organs but the brain |
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| Potential Problem of Pituitary Gland |
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| increase risk of colon, lung, and breast cancer and diabetes. |
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| build muscle and body mass |
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| facial hair, deeper voice, aggression |
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female: breasts, menstruation.
Male: sex drive, sperm maturation |
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| about 80% of breast cancer seem to rely on estrogen to grow. Treat by suppressing estrogen |
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| receptors in your eyes, regulates our sleep wake cycles (circadian rythms) |
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| promotes sleep. Levels rise in early evening, drop in early morning, affects mood. |
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| controls metabolism and blood calcium levels |
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| primary hormone produced by thyroid gland that controls metabolism. |
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| What is required to make it thyroxine |
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both endo and exocrine functions
exo=digestive enzyme production,
endo=regulates blood sugar |
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| After eating a meal with sugars, blood sugar levels go up. The pancreas releases insulin that travels to liver/fat cells that store excess glucose as glycogen. As blood sugar drops too low, the pancreas secrets glucagons that travels to liver/fat cells that convert glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. |
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| high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) third leading cause of death in USA after heart disease and cancer. |
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| Juvenile. Immune system destroys cells that produce insulin |
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| Adult-Onset. Cells lose sensitivity to insulin…poor diet, obesity, others |
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| during pregnancy only. Goes away after childbirth |
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| Regulate NA+ and K+ levels in body. On top of kidneys. Produce Cortisol and Epinephrine (adrenaline) which are involved in stress response |
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| Acute Stress Response: Adrenaline (Epinephrine)- |
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| Fast! Activated by direct nerve stimulation from the brain |
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Blood Pressure
Breathing
Heart Rate
Blood flow to muscles and brain
Glucose in blood
Pupils dilate |
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| Slow stress response. Responses to long-term stresses: school, relationships. |
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| Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that causes the anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). This hormone travels to the adrenalglands and causes the release of cortisol, a stress hormone with effects similar to adrenaline, but less intense. Long-term elevation of this hormone is bad for your health causing headaches, fatigue, insomnia, excess stomach acid, irritability, etc. |
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