Term
| Key criteria genetic material must meet |
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Definition
| Information, replication, transmission, and variation |
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Definition
| The genetic material must contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism. |
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Definition
| The genetic material must be accurately copied. |
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Definition
| After it is replicated, the genetic material can be passed from parent to offspring. It also must be passed from cell to cell during the process of cell division. |
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Definition
| Differences in the genetic material must account for the known variation within each species and among different species. |
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Definition
| A type of genetic transfer between bacteria in which a segment of DNA from the environment is taken up by a competent cell and incorporated into the bacterial chromosome. |
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Definition
| A virus that infects bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule composed of nucleotides. The two types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
| Levels of complexity of DNA's structural features |
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Definition
| Nucleotides, strand, double helix, chromosomes, and genome |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule having three components: one or more phosphate groups, a five-carbon sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base. |
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Definition
| A structure of DNA (or RNA) formed by the covalent linkage of nucleotides in a linear manner. |
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Definition
| Two strands of DNA hydrogen-bonded with each other. In a DNA double helix, two DNA strands are twisted together to form a structure that resembles a spiral staircase. |
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Definition
| A discrete unit of genetic material composed of DNA and associated proteins. Eukaryotes have chromosomes in their cell nuclei and in plastids and mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete genetic composition of a cell or a species. |
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Term
| Three components of a nucleotide |
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Definition
| A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), with double rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bases thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) with a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. |
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Definition
| Refers to a double linkage (two phosphoester bonds) that holds together adjacent nucleotides in DNA and RNA strands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The linear arrangement of phosphates and sugar molecules in a DNA or RNA strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a DNA or RNA strand, refers to the orientation of the sugar molecules within that strand. Can be 5' to 3' or 3' to 5'. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure in which two bases in opposite strands of DNA hydrogen-bond with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the phenomenon that an A in one DNA strand always hydrogen-bonds with a T in the opposite strand, and a G in one strand always bonds with a C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the specific base pairing that occurs between strands of nucleic acids; A only pairs with T (in DNA) or U (in RNA), and G only pairs with C. |
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Definition
| The arrangement in DNA where one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction while the other strand is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction. |
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Definition
| In the DNA double helix, an indentation where the atoms of the bases make contact with the surrounding water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A groove that spirals around the DNA double helix; provides a location where a protein can bind to a particular sequence of bases and affect the expression of a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| A smaller groove that spirals around the DNA double helix. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which DNA is copied. |
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Definition
| The newly made strand in DNA replication. |
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Term
| Parent strand (template strand) |
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Definition
| The original strand in DNA replication. |
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Term
| Three proposed mechanisms for DNA replication |
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Definition
| Semiconservative mechanism, conservative mechanism, dispersive mechanism |
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Term
| Semiconservative mechanism |
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Definition
| The correct model for DNA replication; double-stranded DNA is half conserved following replication, resulting in new double-stranded DNA containing one parental strand and one daughter strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this incorrect model for DNA replication, both parental strands of DNA remain together (are conserved) following DNA replication. The two newly made daughter strands also occur together. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this incorrect model for DNA replication, segments of parental DNA and newly made DNA are interspersed in both strands following the replication process. |
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Term
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Definition
| A site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area where two DNA strands have separated and new strands are being synthesized. |
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Term
| Bidirectional replication |
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Definition
| The process in which DNA replication proceeds outward from the origin in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that uses ATP to separate DNA strands during DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that alleviates DNA supercoiling during DNA replication. |
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Term
| Single-strand binding protein |
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Definition
| A protein that binds to both of the single strands of parental DNA and prevents them from re-forming a double helix during DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme responsible for covalently linking nucleotides together during DNA replication. |
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Term
| Deoxynucleotide triphosphates |
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Definition
| Individual nucleotides with three phosphate groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that synthesizes a primer for DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short segment of RNA, typically 10 to 12 nucleotides in length, that is needed to begin DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNA replication, a DNA strand made in the same direction that the replication fork is moving. The strand is synthesized as one long continuous molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNA replication, a DNA strand made as a series of small Okazaki fragments that are eventually connected to each other to form a continuous strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short segments of DNA synthesized in the lagging strand during DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides in adjacent DNA fragments to complete the replication process. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of DNA polymerase to identify a mismatched nucleotide and remove it from the daughter strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes where a specialized form of DNA replication occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the replication of telomere. |
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Definition
| Cells that have doubled many times and have reached a point where they have lost the capacity to divide any further. |
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Definition
| Refers to the biochemical composition of chromosomes, which contain DNA and many types of proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of proteins involved in the formation of nucleosomes that aid in the compaction of eukaryotic DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural unit of eukaryotic chromosomes composed of an octamer of histones (eight histone proteins) wrapped with DNA. |
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