Term
How does a eukaryotic promoter allow a gene to
express in a tissue-specific manner? |
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Definition
Simplest model – there is a transcription factor that
binds there and tells it to express. |
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Term
| How is a protein specifically expressed in only one place? |
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Definition
Combinations
No one factor has to be tissue-specific, but a given combination may only appear in a single tissue type. |
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Term
| Give a solution on how using combinations will be the solution to sending a eukaryotic promoter to the liver. |
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Definition
The liver will have a liver specific promoter, but there will be enhancers that match the combination of transcription factors only present in the correct tissue
*each tissue has its own specific combination |
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Term
| What do the linear sequences of bases in DNA (and the consequent sequence of amino acids in protein) direct? |
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Definition
how everything works
where and when everything works |
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Term
| What do the linear sequences of bases in DNA (and the consequent sequence of amino acids in protein) reveal? |
|
Definition
| evolutionary relationships |
|
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Term
| How is it possible that a human, gibbon, and rhesus monkey are related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is a human closer related to, and why? a gibbon or a rhesus monkey? |
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Definition
| A gibbon, due to DNA sequence. They are more similar. |
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Term
| How long has it been since rotifers have had sex? What allows them to do this? |
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Definition
No sex for 80 million years.
They evolve by scavenging DNA from environment. |
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Term
| What are the 2 groups that consist of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some characteristics of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
No membrane-bound organelles
Cell wall
0.5-5 um diameter
DNA in nucleoid region |
|
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Term
| How are bacteria characterized? |
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Definition
| Shape, cell wall, flagella, capsule, fimbriae |
|
|
Term
| What are the three shapes of bacterial? |
|
Definition
Spherical
Rod-shaped
Spiral |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cell difference in bacteria |
|
Definition
Gram positive=peptidoglycan traps crystal violet
Gram negative=crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing red dye |
|
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Term
| What two things about flagella are ways that prokaryotes can use them to be characterized by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the capsule in bacteria do? |
|
Definition
| allow bacteria to attach to their substrate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an inert surface or a target cell |
|
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Term
| What does the Fimbriae do? |
|
Definition
| allow bacteria to contact each other or a surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resistant cell bodies formed during stress
Copy of genome surrounded by membrane, with almost all water stripped out
Allow long-term survival in adverse conditions |
|
|
Term
| How long can endospores survive? |
|
Definition
8,000 (frozen in glacier)
750,000 (frozen in Antarctic ice)
30,000,000 years (from gut of bee entrapped in amber)
250,000,000 years (from water droplet trapped in salt crystals) |
|
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Term
| What are two nutritional modalities that prokaryotes use? |
|
Definition
Energy source
Carbon source |
|
|
Term
| What are three ways in which prokaryotes use oxygen? |
|
Definition
Obligate aerobe-requires oxygen
Obligate anaerobe-poisoned by oxygen
facultative anaerobes-can use oxygen (or not) |
|
|
Term
| What is an obligate aerobe? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes that require oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is an obligate anaerobe? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is a facultative anaerobe? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes that can use oxygen (or not) |
|
|
Term
| What is Nitrogen fixation? |
|
Definition
Conversion of N2
to NH3
- NH3 can be used for amino acid synthesis
Can make nitrogen available to plants
- Allows them to grow in nitrogen-deficient soil |
|
|
Term
| What is Metabolic cooperation? |
|
Definition
| Where colonies of bacterial cells cooperate |
|
|
Term
| How do cells cooperate in metabolic cooperation? |
|
Definition
Specialization, cooperation
-Channels allow exchange of materials
-Chemical signals released for recruitment, communication
-Some Cyanobacteria
-Biofilms |
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