Term
| What is the law of segregation? |
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Definition
| In diploid organisms, the two alleles are inherited from different parents and end up in different gametes |
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Term
| What is a monohybrid cross? |
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Definition
| A genetic cross studying the genetics of a single trait |
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Term
| What is a punnett square? |
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Definition
| Table used to predict probabilities of possible outcomes form a genetic cross |
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Term
| How do you fill out a punnett square? |
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Definition
| Place genotypes for each possible parental gamete along axes, fill in genotypes, this tells you the likelihood of each possible outcome |
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Term
| What is the Law of Independent Assortment? |
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Definition
Genes for different traits will assort independently during gametogenesis
All possible phenotypes can be seen
Distinct traits are usually not inherited together
There are exceptions |
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Term
| What is a dihybrid cross? |
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Definition
A cross involving two traits
ex) RRYY x rryy
Paternal and maternal genes will re-assort randomly |
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Term
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Definition
◦ The likelihood a specific possible event will occur
Probability = number of times specific outcome occurs over the total number of outcomes |
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Term
| What is the addition rule with probability? |
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Definition
the probability of any of multiple outcomes is the sum of the probabilities for each individual event
‘either’ / ‘or’ results
Example: What are the chances of
rolling a 2 or a 3?
1/6 (2) + 1/6 (3) = 2/6 = 1/3 |
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Term
| What is the multiplication rule with probability? |
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Definition
the probability of all of several independent events occurring is the product of the probabilities of each individual event
‘and’ results
Example: What are the chances of
rolling a 2, then a 3?
1/6 (1st roll) x 1/6 (2nd) = 1/36 |
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Term
| What are multi-hybrid crosses? |
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Definition
Can be determined with increasingly complex punnett squares or:
The probabilities for each trait can be calculated independently, then apply multiplication rule |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing a dominant individual with a recessive will give different results depending on the genotype of the dominant phenotype parent |
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Term
| Describe the difference between probability and outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how to do the addition and multiplication rules together |
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Definition
◦ Complex probabilities can be
calculated through combinations of
Addition and Multiplication Rules
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Example: What are the chances of
rolling getting a 2 and a 3 in either
order, in two rolls?
Chance of (2 and 3) or (3 and 2)
[1/6 (2) x 1/6 (3)] + [1/6 (3) x 1/6 (2)] = 2/36 = 1/18 |
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Term
| Describe a misconception of dominance vs predominance |
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Definition
| Just because a trait is dominant does not make it the one that will be seen. ex having 6 fingers in humans. it is dominant but 5 finger recessive is popular |
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