Term
| How does diversity arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| How fast does rapid adaptation occur? |
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Definition
| Can divide every 12-14 min |
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Term
| What does rapid adaptation allow? |
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Definition
Rapid adaptation to new environment
-every replication will incorporate some mutations
-Many progeny in short time
-Many diff combinations of mutations-more chances of hitting optimum for any set of condition |
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Term
| What is on area that bacteria diverge that creates a conundrum for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is antibiotic resistance? |
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Definition
Produced by bacteria or fungi.They keep bacteria from doing what they normally do.
Disrupt things critical to bacteria function ( cell wall formation, gene expression, other targets) |
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Term
| Resistance to antibiotics: Mutations can allow bacteria to... (4 things) |
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Definition
Reduce drug uptake
Transport drug back out of cell
Inactivate drug (metabolize, chemically modify)
Alter or amplify cellular target |
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Term
| When building antibiotics, what is a fault in bacteria that allows them to become resistant? |
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Definition
| They like to steal DNA, and can adapt easily. They can pass from those that are resistant to those that aren't resistant. |
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Term
| Why is antibiotic resistance spreading? |
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Definition
Overuse and Incorrect use of antibiotics ( Clinical, Agricultural, Household )
Antibiotics select for resistant bacteria ( These can pass their resistance to other bacteria via conjugation or transformation) |
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Term
| How does one overuse or incorrectly use antibiotics clinically? |
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Definition
| They do not use the full dose of medicine given so the bacteria is not fully gone |
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Term
| How does one overuse or incorrectly use antibiotics clinically? |
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Definition
| Pigs are given antibiotics because it promotes meat growth |
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Term
| How does one overuse or incorrectly use antibiotics clinically? |
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Definition
| Antibiotics are added in soaps |
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Term
| What is the Endomembrane system? |
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Definition
Group of interrelated organelles connected via direct contact or vesicle transport
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane |
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Term
| What are some organelles in the Endomembrane system? |
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Definition
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane |
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Term
| What is an integrated membrane system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the traffic go through in the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
| via vesicles - membrane encapsulated 'packets' |
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Term
| What takes place in the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
Protein synthesis, and transport within the system and out of cell
Lipid metabolism and distribution
Detoxification of external compunds |
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Term
| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Lipid Synthesis-Oils, Phospholipids,Steroids
Carbohydrate production
Calcium storage for cell signaling
Detoxification-P450s |
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Term
| Where does most lipid synthesis takes place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Lipids are synthesized in the Smooth ER? |
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Definition
Oils
Phospholipids
Steroids |
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Term
| Why kind of production occurs in the Smooth ER? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the smooth ER store and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Calcium storage for cell signaling |
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Term
| How does the smooth ER detox? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of production does the Rough ER do? |
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Definition
| Protein production for system and secretion |
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Term
| What functions occur during protein production or system and secretion of the rough ER? |
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Definition
Synthesis
Folding
Glycosylation |
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Term
| What is the gate keeper for vesicular transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are protein sequences? |
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Definition
| Targets locations in the cell to tell where to go |
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Term
| What is the initial target of the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
| Signal sequence- targets protein to endomembrane system |
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Term
| What are signal sequences recognized by for the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
| Signal Recognition protein (SRP) |
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Term
| What are dragged to rough ER? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are entire ribosomes dragged to rough ER? |
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Definition
Injects growing protein through ER membrane
Each subsequent hydrophobic alpha-helix causes it to cross back across the
bilayer
Signal peptide removed from mature protein |
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Term
| Where do things go after they are done with the ER? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| Juxtanuclesar- near to the nucleus, outside of the ER |
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Term
|
Definition
| near to the nuclear, outside the ER |
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Term
| What are flatten stacks of membranes in the Golgi apparatus called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
Cis-receiving side
Trans-sending side |
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Term
| What brings materials to and from the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the cis face for the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| receiving side (cis = on the same side as the ER) |
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|
Term
| What is the trans face for the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| sending side of the golgi apparatus (trans = on the opposite side as the ER) |
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Term
| What are the three parts of protein processing in the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
Modification
Storage
Sorting |
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Term
| What kind of synthesis occurs in the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound storage vesicles |
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Term
|
Definition
Food
Contractile- have contractile membrane and allows cell to change shape
Enzymatic hydrolysis (plants)
Central (plants)- Stores inorganic ions, occupies space |
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Term
| What of material are secreted form exocytosis? |
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Definition
| Most hydrophilic materials secreted form cells start in ER and follow vesicle flow through endomembrane system |
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Term
|
Definition
| bringing stuff into the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Cell extends its membrane out to surround and engulf particle- Psudopodium
Creates food vacuole |
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Term
|
Definition
| In nutrient-rich environment invagination of membrane closes off to produce nutrient containing vesicles (completely non-specific) completely nondirected |
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Term
| What s the Receptor mediated endocytosis? |
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Definition
The binding of receptors to signaling molecules(e.g. hormones) causes a structure to form inside the cell than induces formation of a special kind of protein-coated vesicle)
Thought to strip hormones from receptor, stop signal but maybe not so simple, can be hijacked by viruses |
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|
Term
| What are three things that antibiotics disrupt that kill bacteria? |
|
Definition
Cell wall formation
Gene expressikon
Other targets |
|
|
Term
| How are antibiotics produced? |
|
Definition
| By fungi and bacteria or chemically synthesized |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| location of ER- specifically around the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein production for system and secretion- Synthesis, Folding, Glycosylation
Gatekeeper for vesicular
transport
Membrane synthesis |
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|
Term
| What brings material to and from the golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during exocytosis? |
|
Definition
- Secretion of materials – most hydrophilic materials secreted
from cells start in the ER and follow vesicle flow through
endomembrane system
- Vesicles from endomembrane system fuse with plasma
membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell |
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