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| Study of interactions between organisms and their environments. |
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| All the life on Earth - All landscapes and ecosystems interacting. |
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| Many Ecosystems - Interactions of many biotic/abiotic factors. Human influence between ecosystems of a landscape. |
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| Interactions between biotic/abiotic - Resource cycling and energy flow. |
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| Populations of different species living close together. Interactions between biotic components. |
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| One species living in a particular geographical location. Affects on population density, reproduction strategies and food availability. |
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| One kind of species - Physical and behavioral responses to environment. |
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Ex: The Sahara Desert
Global, regional and landscape level. Influenced by temperature and precipitation. |
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Ex: A small garden covered by the shade of a building.
A climate that differs from its main climate. Often with very small patterns. |
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| Abundant heat, light, and precipitation. |
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| Abundant heat, light, little precipitation. |
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| A main type of ecological association in a broad region. Two important biome factors are Temperature and Precipitation. Terrestrial and Aquatic biomes. |
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| The number of individuals belonging to a species in a specific area. |
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| What are 4 factors that determine population size? |
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| Birth Rate, Death Rate, Emigration, Immigration. |
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The pattern of spacing of individuals within the population boundary.
Near uniform - Less common
Random - Least common
Clumped - Most common |
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| The number of individuals per unit area or volume. |
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Population number statistics:
- Life tables
- Age specific summaries of survival patterns. |
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| Population density is the same throughout the population. (Penguins) |
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| Population density follows no pattern and is different everywhere within a population. (Dandelions) |
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| Population density is in clumps throughout a population. (Starfish) |
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| Age specific summary of survival patterns of a population. |
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| Certain number of individuals all the same age from birth until death. (Used to create survivorship curves) |
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| Three Types of Survivorship Curves |
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Early Population Decline - No parental care; many offspring; many die young
Equal Population Decline - In-between
Late Population Decline - Take care of young (mammals); Less offspring; Die old |
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| When the growth rate of a population is exceedingly high; Happens under ideal conditions such as abundant food sources and reduced predation. |
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| A curve showing the population size over time, and the carrying capacity of the environment. |
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| The maximum population of a species in an environment in which the environment can sustain the population. |
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| Environmental factors that eventually happen to restrict population growth. |
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| Investing lots of energy into less offspring. Selection that occurs when the population is near its maximum carrying capacity. Selective traits that maximize reproductive success in high population densities. |
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| Selective traits that maximize success in less crowded, low population dense, areas. Animals have many offspring due to reduced competition for resources. |
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| Boom-Bust Population Dynamic |
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Definition
| Predator-Prey Relationship in which there is dramatic fluctuation in population densities. Ex: Lynx and the Hare |
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| A group of populations of different species living close enough for interactions to occur. |
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(-/-)
Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and time. |
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(+/-)
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. |
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(+/+)(+/-)(+/0)
Any relationship in which two species live close together. |
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(+/+)
Both species benefeit from the relationship. |
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(+/0)
One member of the association benefeits, the other is neither helped or harmed. |
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(+/-)
One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. |
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| Competition between the same species |
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| Competition between different species |
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| One species out competes another species and eliminates that species from the ecological niche. |
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| The sum of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment. Different species inhabit same ecological niche. |
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| Ambush, Hiding, Seeing in the dark, Speed and agility. |
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| Bright colours warning predators not to eat. |
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| Harmless species mimics a harmful one. |
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| Two unpalatable species mimic each other. |
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(+/-)
Grazing animals eat plants |
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| Smelling plants to identify toxins, Only eat parts of plants, Grinding teeth, Smaller stomachs and larger intestines to absorb nutrients. |
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| Toxins, Peppermint (Bad tastes), Thorns/Prickles |
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| Individuals of 2 or more species living in direct contact. 4 types: Parasitism, Facultative Mutualism, Obligate Mutualism, Commensalism. |
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| Mutualism where both species live independently. Ex: Clown fish and Sea anemones. |
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| Mutualism where at least one species needs the other to survive. Ex: Ants and the Acacia tree. |
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| 2 Factors Important in Determining Community Diversity |
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Definition
Species Richness (Number of different species in a community)
Species Abundance (Proportional representation of each species; how many of each species) |
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| Why is Community Diversity important? |
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| Community diversity is important because it allows for the formation of different relationships. (Predation, Competition, etc..) |
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| An organism that is able to form organics from inorganics such as Carbon Dioxide. |
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| An animal that feeds on dead organic material. |
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| The most abundant species in an area. |
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| Species that have a strong control on community structure not by abundance but by niche. (Holds the rest of the community in its place.) |
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| A species that founds an area. Can be beneficial neutral or negative, humans for example are negative. |
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| An event that disturbs the ecosystem, and brings change. Volcanic eruption, Tsunami, Flood, Drought etc.. |
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| Disturbances remove existing population. The disturbed area colonized by a variety of species, which is then replaced by new species. (Repeated for years and years). |
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Forrest Fire, Logging etc..
The disturbance leaves the soil in tact, and sometimes the air goes back to the original state. |
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| Disturbance/Succession/Biodiversity Relationship |
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| Disturbances cause succession to occur which creates greater biodiversity within the ecosystem. |
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| Species that have moved from their natural environments, and into a foreign environment. These species are so successful due the fact that the local wildlife does not know how to hunt or defend against these species. |
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