Term
Which of the following products does not come from plants (or photosynthetic microbes)?
1. Wood.
2. Paper.
3. Plastic.
4. Rubber.
5. Pharmaceutical drugs.
6. Gasoline.
7. Natural gas.
8. Beef.
9. None of the above. |
|
Definition
9. None of the above
they all come from plants |
|
|
Term
Which is an example of energy that does
NOT come from sunlight?
1. Gasoline for my car.
2. Electricity for my iPod.
3. Natural gas to cook my food.
4. Food energy for my body.
5. Fire from wood some people burn to heat their house.
6. None of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
We constantly make new skin cells so our
skin is replaced. These new cells are
produced by:
1. Mitosis.
2. Meiosis.
3. Fusion.
4. Budding.
5. None of these. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alternation of generations refers to ...
1. Father and mother generations alternate
2. Gametophyte and gamete generations
alternate
3. Zygote and sporophyte generations
alternate
4. Separate diploid and haploid generations alternate
5. Male and female generations alternate |
|
Definition
| 4. Separate diploid and haploid generations alternate |
|
|
Term
Seedless vascular plants include ...
1. Club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
2. Liverworts and mosses.
3. Bryophytes and horsetails
4. Bryophytes and mosses
5. Ferns, bryophytes, and horsetails
6. Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.
7. Any fern of yours is a frond of mine! |
|
Definition
| 1. Club mosses, horsetails, and ferns |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a “Protista”?
1. Ameoba.
2. Giant kelp.
3. Paramecium.
4. Cellular slime molds.
5. Dinoflagellates.
6. Diatoms.
7. Nori (red algae for wrapping sushi).
8. All of the above are members of the
“Protista” |
|
Definition
8. All of the above are members of the
“Protista” |
|
|
Term
What Features do Land Plants have in
Common with Green Algae?
1. Both have chloroplasts.
2. Both have cell walls made from cellulose.
3. Both have chlorophyll a and b.
4. Both use starch to store energy.
5. All of the above are common to both. |
|
Definition
5. All of the above are
common to both. |
|
|
Term
What were the characteristics of the
earliest land plants?
1. Waxy cuticle.
2. Leaf pores for gas exchange.
3. Mobile (swimming) sperm.
4. Both 1 and 2.
5. Both 2 and 3.
6. Both 1 and 3.
7. All 1, 2, and 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why was the development of vascular tissue and lignin and advantage for the earliest Tracheophytes?
1. They allowed these plants to colonize new habitats.
2. They allowed these plants to compete more effectively for sunlight.
3. They allowed these plants to survive in habitats that were sometimes very dry.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
The primary function of phloem is….
1. Transport of water and mineral nutrients
2. It is like the nerve system in animals.
3. Transport of mineral nutrients and hormones
4. Transport of sugars
5. Protection of the outer surface of the plant.
6. The structure that connects the leaf to the stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meristems represent regions of ….
1. Active cell division and differentiation
2. Where the leaf connects to the stem
3. Secondary growth
4. Regions of meiosis and cell differentiation
5. Stems that arose from lateral buds
6. The primary location of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| 1. Active cell division and differentiation |
|
|
Term
Key adaptations (innovations) that allowed the first plants to move onto terrestrial (land) environments were:
1. Methods of gamete dispersal that are independent of water
2. Roots (root-like structures) and vascular tissue
3. Antheridia and archegonia
4. Bryophytes and mosses.
5. Roots (root-like structures), a waxy cuticle, and stomata.
6. Waxy cuticle and flagellated sperm. |
|
Definition
| 5. Roots (root-like structures), a waxy cuticle, and stomata. |
|
|
Term
What kind of plants did dinosaurs eat?
1. Mostly Flowering Monocots.
2. Mostly Flowering Dicots.
3. Mostly Gymnosperms and Seedless
Tracheophytes.
4. Mostly Bryophytes.
5. Mostly Green Algae and other Protista. |
|
Definition
3. Mostly Gymnosperms and Seedless
Tracheophytes. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an evolutionary trends from early to recently-derived land plants?
1. Complexity (number of organ and tissue types) increases.
2. Less dependence on the presence of moisture for growth and reproduction.
3. Sporophyte stage becomes independent of gametophyte and more dominant.
4. Gametophyte stage becomes less dominant and dependent on the sporophytic stage.
5. Conducting vessels and lignin in Tracheophytes allows vertical growth.
6. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Health food stores sell “bee pollen”
as a beneficial food. When you eat
pollen, what part of the plant are you
eating?
1. Megagametophytes
2. Anthers
3. Zygotes
4. Microgametophytes
5. Sperm
6. Endosperm
7. Ovules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The type of cell division occurring in the
apical meristem would be….
1. Meiosis
2. Mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do trees grow so tall? Say you
and your sweetheart carve your initials
in a tree trunk when you are 10 years
old. You return 10 years later. In the
meantime the tree has grown 1 foot per
year. If your initials were 5 feet off the
ground when you first carved them,
then how far off the ground are your
initials now? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant cells usually have these but
animal cells don’t:
1. Mitochondria and a nucleus.
2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
3. Chloroplasts and a cell wall.
4. Nucleus and a cell wall.
5. Mitochondria and a cell wall.
6. Midichlorians (only found in Jedi
plants). |
|
Definition
| 3. Chloroplasts and a cell wall. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following cell types are dead at maturity?
1. Cork, sclerenchyma, and xylem.
2. Epidermis, parenchyma, and phloem.
3. Cork, collenchyma, and xylem.
4. Epidermis and sclerenchyma.
5. Cork and phloem. |
|
Definition
| 1. Cork, sclerenchyma, and xylem. |
|
|
Term
Aphids are small insects that use their needlelike proboscis to penetrate the stem of the plant and feed on sugary sap. What type of cell are they probably feeding on?
1. Epidermis
2. Parenchyma
3. Xylem
4. Phloem
5. Sclerenchyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You are digging in the garden and find some underground parts of plants. How could you tell if they were roots or rhizomes?
1. Slice it open to see if it had xylem.
2. Slice it open to see if it had phloem.
3. Slice it open to see if it had stomata.
4. Look at the outside to see if it had leaves.
5. Look at the outside to see if it had nodes and internodes.
6. Look at the outside to see if it was green. |
|
Definition
| 5. Look at the outside to see if it had nodes and internodes. |
|
|
Term
Giant kelp (Sea weed) is in the Kingdom:
1. Prokaryota
2. Protista.
3. Fungi.
4. Plantae.
5. Animalia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The multicellular algae include...
1. Diatoms, brown algae, and green algae.
2. Diatoms, red algae, and brown algae.
3. Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, and kelp.
4. Dinoflagellates, Brown algae, and green algae.
5. Brown algae, red algae, and green algae. |
|
Definition
| 5. Brown algae, red algae, and green algae. |
|
|
Term
The majority of a fungus’ body is in its...
1. Mycelium.
2. Mushroom.
3. Hypha
4. Mycorrhizae
5. Zygospore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If slime molds are “acellular” how can you
tell they are Eukaryotes?
1. They still have a cell membrane.
2. They are not anaerobic like some bacteria.
3. They have nuclei and organelles.
4. They do not have a flagellum.
5. They do not live in hot springs. |
|
Definition
| 3. They have nuclei and organelles. |
|
|
Term
Organic farmers use diatomaceous earth (dead diatoms) to protect plants from slugs and other insects. How does it work?
1. Diatoms are poisonous to slugs.
2. Slugs will not crawl on white powder like diatomaceous earth.
3. Diatomaceous earth attracts predators that eat slugs.
4. The silica cuts the slugs and they bleed to death.
5. It’s actually a myth and does not work at all. |
|
Definition
| The silica cuts the slugs and they bleed to death. |
|
|
Term
Euglena and Dinoflagellates have chloroplasts but they also have flagella so they can swim around. So, are they plants or animals?
1. They are both and they are in the kingdom Phytozoans.
2. They are considered to be plants because they can
photosynthesize.
3. They are considered animals because they can move.
4. They are neither, but are in the kingdom Protista.
5. They are so small it really doesn’t matter. |
|
Definition
| 4. They are neither, but are in the kingdom Protista. |
|
|
Term
Kelp is much larger than many land
plants. Does it have specialized tissues
for the transport of water, sugar or
nutrients?
1. Yes.
2. No. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is common among all the Protista?
1. They are Eukaryotes.
2. They are not animals.
3. They are not plants.
4. They are not fungi.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are the Fungi more closely related to plants or animals?
1. Plants.
2. Animals.
3. Neither - they are closer to Protista.
4. Neither – they are closer to Archaea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Basidiomycetes, meiosis occurs in
….
1. The mycelium.
2. The hyphae.
3. The along the gills of the mushroom.
4. They are haploid so they only have
mitosis.
5. Within the asci of the ascocarp. |
|
Definition
| 3. The along the gills of the mushroom. |
|
|
Term
Your friend makes you a nice sushi dinner of
roles wrapped with nori (red algae) that
contain rice, shrimp, and mushrooms. How
many Kingdoms are you (probably) eating?
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
5. Five |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that makes its own food – usually photosynthesis – thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Ex: plants, algae and numerous bacteria are autotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which plants, autotrophic protests and some bacteria use light energy to make sugars and other organic food molecules from CO2 and H2O. Energy from sunlight → CO2 + H2O + Organic nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What is chlorophyll involved in? |
|
Definition
| a green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants algae and prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert soar energy to chemical energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers that provide structural support in plant cell walls. |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of starch in plants? |
|
Definition
| how plants store sugars, it is found in the roots of plants. |
|
|
Term
| What is alteration of generations? |
|
Definition
| the diploid and haploid stages are distinct, multicultural bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell copying offspring ploidy level is equal to the parent’s ploidly lever. 2n → 2n and 1n → 1n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making germ cells, offspring ploidy level is ½ of the parent ploidly level. 2n→ 1n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division, includes mitosis or meiosis |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in fertilization? How many copies of chromosomes does the product have? |
|
Definition
| fusion of gametes (Haploid = 1n) |
|
|
Term
| What is a zygote? How many copies of chromosomes does it have? |
|
Definition
| the product of gamete fusion (Diploid = 2n) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Haploid and Diploid. Examples? |
|
Definition
Diploid: has two sets of chromosomes (2n); Sporophyte
Examples: Angiosperms and humans
Haploid: one set of chromosomes (1n); Gametophyte
Examples: pollen, ovules, sperm and eggs (ovum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the haploid generation of plants that produces gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generation that produces spores |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of ancestral land plants |
|
Definition
| photosynthetic and had no: roots, stems, leaves or reproductive structures |
|
|
Term
| What do plants and algae have in common? |
|
Definition
o Both had chloroplasts
o Cellulose
o Starch
o Chlorophyll a & b |
|
|
Term
| What are the bonuses that plants had when they moved to land? |
|
Definition
o Less predators
o Less competition
o Sunlight
o CO2 |
|
|
Term
| In what ways did plants change to adapt to life on land? |
|
Definition
o Developed roots for anchoring and absorption
o Waxy cuticles to decrease water loss
o Stomatas for gas exchange and water conservation
o Lignin for structural support to grow higher
o Conductive tissue for transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors the plant, absorbs and transports minerals & water, also stores food. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of a root like structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a stomata? AND what is its function? |
|
Definition
| a pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a feaf. When the stomata are open CO2 enters a leaf and H2O and O2 exit. A plant conserves H2O when the stomata is closed. |
|
|
Term
| What strengthens the cells walls of some plants and allows them to grow tall? |
|
Definition
Lignin!!
its within the cell walls of some plant tissue. It thickens and reinforces the cell walls. Helps the plant grown taller |
|
|
Term
| What is pollen? what does it produce? Male or female? |
|
Definition
| pollen is the structure that will produce the sperm in seed plants, the male gameotphyte. It has a waxy coat and is non-motile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an embryo packages with a food supply within a protective covering, enables the embryo to survive during wide dispersal. |
|
|
Term
| What are gymnosperms? examples? |
|
Definition
among the earliest seed plants, they have “naked” seeds
o Examples: cycads, gingkos and conifers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flowering plants, seeds develop within a protective chamber.
-They are associated with animals because they help with pollination and seed dispersal.
-They are also associated with fungi because of their symbiosis in soil, water and nutrient uptake. |
|
|
Term
| What is a carpel? what forms inside of it? |
|
Definition
| The chamber within the flowers that the seed develops in. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Bryophytes!! What they have? What don't they have? |
|
Definition
first land plan species were similar to these, they lack roots and leaves and without the lingnified walls they were rather short (<20cm).
FUN FACT: the gametophyte is a larger stage and the sporophyte stays attached to the gametophyte.
o Examples: Moss, liverworts and Hornworts
o They do not have rhizoids
o No conductive tissue
o Must reside in a moist environment because the ventral pores have to be open at all times
o Enclosed reproductive structures
o Flagellated sperm = sperm motile in H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the female reproductive structure of Bryophytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the male reproductive structure of Bryophytes. |
|
|
Term
| what are Tracheophytes? examples? |
|
Definition
| vascular plants that include: Club moss, Whiskferns and ferns |
|
|
Term
| describe Seedless Tracheophytes! |
|
Definition
| vessels are stiffened by lignin, H2O is necessary fro reproduction and has vascular tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is made up of stems, leaves and adaptations for reproductions (flowers). It holds leaves and flowers and connects organs with vascular tissue that transports water, sugar and mineral nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the main site of photosynthesis in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stalks of the leaf, attaches black to the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is one in each of the angles formed by a leaf and the stem (AKA Lateral bud) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the stem; the points at which leaves are attached |
|
|
Term
| Where is the internode portion? |
|
Definition
| he portions of the stem between the nodes |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the shoot apex? |
|
Definition
| (AKA Apical Bud) the tip that grows |
|
|
Term
| What occurs at the apical meristem? |
|
Definition
| where cells that divide frequently reside, they are generating additional cells all the time. The new cells differentiate into tissues and organs. The apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots. this enables the plant to grow in length. |
|
|
Term
| what is the leaf primordia? |
|
Definition
| a lateral outgrowth from the apical meristem that develops into a leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors the plant to the soil surface and obtains water and mineral nutrients from the soil |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary root (tap root)? |
|
Definition
| the root that grows vertically downward, it forms the center from which other roots sprout |
|
|
Term
| What do lateral roots do? |
|
Definition
| extends horizontally from the primary root and serves to anchor the plant securely to the soil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases surface area for water and nutrients to be absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers the root tip, it protects the delicate, actively dividing cells of the apical meristem. Growth occurs just behind the tip. |
|
|
Term
| Function and components of the shoot system? |
|
Definition
| Includes: apical bud, blade, leaf, node, petiole, lateral bud, internode and stem. The function is photosynthesis, reproduction, storage and transport |
|
|
Term
| Function and components of the root system? |
|
Definition
| Includes: lateral root, primary root Function: anchorage, absorption, storage and transport. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three different tissue systems? |
|
Definition
-surface tissue
-ground tissue
-vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of surface tissue? |
|
Definition
epidermis
periderm
cork cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of ground tissue? |
|
Definition
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of vascular tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waterproof cells that form outer bark in trees, it is dead at maturity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of tissues, provides protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin cells for photosynthesis, secretion and storage. Alive at maturity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongates cells for support in leaves and stems. Living at maturity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick and elongated for support. Dead at maturity |
|
|
Term
| Function of Xylem? alive or dead at maturity? |
|
Definition
| Conductive cells, dead at maturity, for transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves (only up) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conductive cells, living at maturity, for transport of organic materials up and down the plant body. (Both directions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when secondary growth begins the epidermis is sloughed off and replaces with a new outer layer called cork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the epidermal layer and the ground tissue laters |
|
|
Term
| What are Tracheids, describe them and who has them? |
|
Definition
long thin cells with tapered ends, they are water conducting cells that form a system of tubes that convey water from the roots to the stems/leaves as a part of Xylem tissue. The ends are angled and small in diameter
oGymnosperms have only this type
oAngiosperms have these and Vessel Elements (below) |
|
|
Term
| Vessel Elements, what are they, who has them and how do they differ from Tracheids? |
|
Definition
| wider and shorter, less tapered and they are also water-conducting cells that are dead at maturity. They are hallow, fat and overlapping they are larger in diameter |
|
|
Term
| What do sieve-tube members do? |
|
Definition
| (food conducting cells) at the end of the sieve cells, perforated to allow for flow of materials. Alive at maturity |
|
|
Term
| what is and where is the sieve plate? |
|
Definition
| the walls between the sieve-tube cells, they have pores that allow fluid to flow from cell to cell along the sieve tube |
|
|
Term
| what are companion cells? |
|
Definition
| connected to the sieve tube cells, they produce and transport proteins to all of the sieve tube members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What advantages do angiosperms have? |
|
Definition
o Stems, roots and leaves
o More efficient material transfer
o Diversity of leaves
o Diversity of root types |
|
|
Term
| Which Tissues are dead at maturity? |
|
Definition
-Xylem
-Sclerenchyma
-Periderm = Cork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)
• can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human
body)
• ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•
Autotrophic
• Simple not organized tissue
• Photosynthetic
• Lack structures like other land plants (leaves, roots, organs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungus like protest in stramenopile clade
• Autotrophic-Decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats
• Asexual and sexually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cellular
Pseudopods- extension attaches to the substrate
Pseudoplasmoium- aggregation of single cells
Reproduction-Fruiting bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acellular
• Plasmodium- multinuclear and large brightly colored
• Fruiting bodies- release spores
Ex. Downy mildew |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marine and freshwater living
Autotrophs
Two whip like flagella
Symbiotic with coral
Produces light
Ex. Gymnodinium-Red tide: produced neurotoxins and killed fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Silica cell wall (like glass)
Cell wall consists of two halves that connect together like box
Freshwater and marine
Used as form of slug killer
Unicellular
Autotrophic
Store food as oil droplets
Ex diatomaceous earth- used as polishing agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chloroplasts
Flagellum
Heterotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Ex-sleeping sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marine systems/ warm deep clear water
Soft body
Multicellular
Ex- nori (sushi), carrageenan (diary thickener) and agar (polysaccharide used to grow
bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multicellular or unicellular
Two groups-
Charophytes-
• closest living to land plants
• volvox colonies- hollow balls composed of 100s or 1000s of biflagellated
cells
chlorphytes
Ex. Sea lettuce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stramenopiles
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Marine life
Anchored to seafloor
Ex-kelp and seaweed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Move using flagella
Have 1-8 flagella
Move very fast
Symbiotic with termites
Can be responsible for disease
Ex. Aid for termites to digest wood. Carries sleeping sickness and Giardia diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Streaming cytoplasms
Pseudopodia are for motion and feeding
Reproduce sexually by fusion of 2 gametes
Reproduce asexually by division or budding
EX.
Amoeba- unicellular, found on decaying bottom vegetation of freshwater streams/ponds
Foraminiferans- unicellular organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unicellular
Cilia structures(hair like)
Most popular protest
Common everywhere there is water
•
•
•
•
Complex structure
Have 2 nuclei
Heterotrophic
Reproduction asexual and sexually
EX. Paramecium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterotrophic- that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth.
Eukaryotic cells
Mycelium-strands of hyphae, multinuclear, can be divided by septa
Fruiting bodies- mushrooms
Cell walls are chitin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aquatic
Swimming spores
Get nutrients from nonliving organic matter
Septa absent
Flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 haploid hyphae of opposite matting types fuse to form a zygospore
(diploid)
meiosis occurs as spore germinates to make sporangia
asexual reproduction- sporangia and haploid mycelium
EX. Black bread mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sac fungi
septa present
live off decaying organic matter
sexual( asci) and asexual(hyphae) reproduction
EX. Penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sac fungi
septa present
live off decaying organic matter
sexual( asci) and asexual(hyphae) reproduction
EX. Penicillin |
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Term
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Definition
club fungi: sexual reproduction, saporboes and septa present
EX. Mushrooms, chanterelles, stinkhorns |
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Term
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Definition
| roots increase surface area for absorption of nutrients and water from soil |
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Term
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Definition
symbiosis- mutualism between fungus(provides shelter) and algae
occur in extreme environments on earth
used for medicine, perfume and dyes
mycrorrhizal symbiosis- 80% of plant species, fungus gains photosynathes
from plant and plants increase uptake of nutrients
EX. Volcanic rock, tundra, deserts |
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Term
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Definition
| - mutualism between fungus(provides shelter) and algae |
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