Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 102 Lab Final
n/a
158
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/04/2013
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Biology Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
3 Domains of life?
 Definition
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Term
4 groups within Eukarya?
 Definition
plants, animals, fungi, protists
Term
Antheridium
 Definition
In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develope
Term
Archegonium
 Definition
In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develope.
Term
Charophyte:
 Definition
is the common name for green plants in the order charophyceae. They are water plants and the closest living relatives to the ancestors of land plants.
Term
Chytrid:
 Definition
member of the fungal phylum chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early diverging fungal lineage
Term
Dikaryotic:
 Definition
Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell. One from each parent.
Term
Diploid:
 Definition
containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent
Term

Embryophyte:

 

 Definition
Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.
Term
Gametangium:
 Definition
multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. fEMALE GAMETANGIUM ARE CALLED ARCHEGONIE, AND MALE GAMETANGIA are called antheridia
Term
Gamete:
 Definition
a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Term
Gametophyte:
 Definition
In organisms that have alternation of generations,(plants and some algae) the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develope into a sporophyte.
Term
Haploid:
 Definition
containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
Term
Haustorium:
 Definition
In certain symbiotic fungi, a specialized hypha that can penetrate the tissue of a host organism.
Term
Hypha:
 Definition
One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycellium of a fungus.
Term
Mycelium:
 Definition
The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus
Term
Seed:
 Definition
An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat.
Term
Rhizoid:
 Definition
A long tubular single cell of fiament of cells that anchores bryophytes to the ground.
Term
sorus:
 Definition
a cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll
Term
spore:
 Definition
a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis
Term
Sporophyte:
 Definition
In organisms (plants and algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by miosis which develope into gametophytes.
Term
Zygote:
 Definition
The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.
Term
Zygosporangium:
 Definition
In fungi a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occurs.
Term
Describe the Animal life cycle:
 Definition
Multicellular adult animal produces short-lived gametes by meiosis. Two gametes fuse to produce a diploid zygote, which divides by mitosis to produce a multicellular body as it grows to maturity.
Term
Describe the plant life cycle:
 Definition
A multicellular diploid plant(sporophyte) produces haploid spores by meiosis. Each spore grows to produce a multicellular haploid gametophyte which produces haploid gametes by mitosis. Gametes from different gametophytes fuze in syngamy(fertilization) to yeild a diploid zygote which grows into a new sporophyte.
Term
Describe the fungi life cycle:
 Definition
Haploid spores grow to produce multicelular fungal bodies. The fungal bodies produce haploid strands, some of which produce sporangia which produce spores where as others fuze with the strands produced by another individual fungus.Within a fuzed strand a diploid nucleus is formed by syngamy of two haploid nuclei. This sygote soon divides by meiosis to produce haploid spores.
Term
Sexual Selection:
 Definition
A process of selection in which individuals with certain heritable characteristics are more successfull in finding mates.
Term
Natural selection:
 Definition
The differential survival and reproduction of varient individuals within a population.
Term
Heritability:
 Definition
the transmissin of traits from one generation to the next.
Term
Evolutionary fitness:
 Definition
the relative contribution each individual makes to the next and subsequent generations.
Term
Gene pool:
 Definition
The aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population.
Term
Episode of selection:
 Definition
Period of strong selection pressure.
Term
Directional selection:
 Definition
Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.
Term
Selection differential:
 Definition
the difference between the mean of a population and the mean of the individuals selected to be parents of the next generation.
Term
Sexual Selection:
 Definition
A form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely than others to obtain mates.
Term
Null Hypothesis:
 Definition
A type of hypothesis that states that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations>
Term
Alternate hypothesis:
 Definition
The hypothesis expected to be true if the null hypothesis is rejected based on statistical evidence.
Term
Dependent Variable:
 Definition
THe variable in a functional relation whose value is dependent upon the independent variable.
Term
Independent variable:
 Definition
THe variable in a functional relation whose value is independent.
Term
Replication:
 Definition
The process of duplicating or replicating as a procedure in scientific experiments.
Term
WHat are the three conditions for natural selection?
 Definition
  1. THere must be a phenotypic variation in the population.
  2. THe phenotypic variation within the population must have heritable basis.
  3. The heritable variation within the population must have a fitness consequence.
Term
Analogous:
 Definition
Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.
Term
Ancestral:
 Definition
pertaining to, derived from, or passed by, an ansestor; as an ancestral estate
Term
Character state:
 Definition
a single attribute of an animal or plant that is transmitted at one locus from generation to generation in accordance with mendels law.
Term
Clade:
 Definition
a group of species that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.
Term
Convergent evolution:
 Definition
The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.
Term
Derived:
 Definition
To trace the orgin, descent, or derived from.
Term
Divergent Evolution:
 Definition
THe process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendent species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more and more dissimilar.
Term
Homologous:
 Definition
simimlarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
Term
Ingroup:
 Definition
A species or group of species whoes evolutionary relationships we seek to determine.
Term
Monophyletic taxon:
 Definition
Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendents. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.
Term
Outgroup:
 Definition
A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. An outgroup is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to eachother.
Term
Phlogeny:
 Definition
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
Term
Phylogenetic tree:
 Definition
A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Term
Paraphyletic group:
 Definition
Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendents.
Term
Polyphyletic group:
 Definition
Consists of two or more taxa, but not their common ancestor.
Term
Rooted:
 Definition
Describing a phylogenic tree that contains a branching point representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.
Term
Absolute dating:
 Definition
A way of dating the age by C14 and C12 concentrations
Term
Archaea:
 Definition
One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria.
Term
Bacteria:
 Definition
One of the two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea
Term
Banded iron formation:
 Definition
The red iron formed by the oxygen in the air causing iron to be oxidized.
Term
Cambrian explosion:
 Definition
A relatively brief time in geological history when many present day phyla of animals first appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occured about 535-525 million years ago and saw emergence of the first  large, hard bodied animals.
Term
Domain:
 Definition
The taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.
Term
Index fossil:
 Definition
fossils which are used by geologists and paleontologists to help correlate different events of processes in different parts of the worls which happened at the same time.
Term
Paleocology:
 Definition
The study of fossils
Term
Photoautotroph:
 Definition
An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
Term
Progenote:
 Definition
The last universal ancestor
Term
Relative dating:
 Definition
A way of dating by comparing the ages instead of exact dating.
Term
Stromatolite:
 Definition
Layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together.
Term
Trace fossil:
 Definition
Geological record of biological activity.
Term
Trackway:
 Definition
An ancient route of travel shown by impression fossils left by an organism
Term
Parhtenogenisis:
 Definition
A form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.
Term
Budding:
 Definition
Asexual reproduction in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extnsive colonies.
Term
Fragmentation:
 Definition
A means of asexual reproduction wherby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
Term
Genotype:
 Definition
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
Term
Phenotype:
 Definition
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
Term
Locus:
 Definition
A specific place alon the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.
Term
Haploid:
 Definition
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
Term
Diploid:
 Definition
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
Term
Homologous chromosome:
 Definition
A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that passes genes for the same character at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from each parent called homologs.
Term
Gene:
 Definition
A descrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in viruses).
Term
Allele:
 Definition
Any of the alternating versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
Term
Homozygous:
 Definition
Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
Term
Heterozygous:
 Definition
Having two differen alleles for a given gene.
Term
Dominant:
 Definition
An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous.
Term
Recessive:
 Definition
An allele whose phynotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygous
Term
Incomplete dominance:
 Definition
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
Term
Monohybrid cross:
 Definition
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self polination of a heterozygous plant).
Term
Dihybrid cross:
 Definition
A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the polination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).
Term
Test-cross:
 Definition
Breeding an organism of unkown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unkown genotype. The ratio of phetotypes in the offspring reveals the unkown genotype.
Term
Autosomal:
 Definition
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome.
Term
Sex-linked:
 Definition
A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on x xhromosomes and show distinctive patterns of inheritance, there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.
Term
Polygenic inheritance:
 Definition
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
Term
Law of segregation:
 Definition
Allel pairs segregate during Meiosis I and the paired condition is restored by the random fusion of gametes during fertilization. (for example if you inherited brown eyed allele from your father, and blue eyed allele from your mother, you would only pass one of these on to your child)
Term
Law of independent assortment:
 Definition
Each allele pair segregates independetly from other allele pairs during meiosis I. (For example, the pair of alleles for eye colour segregates independently from the pair of alleles for hair colour.)
Term
Natural selection:
 Definition
The differential survuval and reproduction of variant individuals within a population.
Term
population:
 Definition
a groupd of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
Term
Adaptation:
 Definition
Inherited characteristics of an organism that inhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
Term
Constraint:
 Definition
Is the lement factor or a subsystem that works as a bottleneck.
Term
Tradeoff:
 Definition
a situation that involves losing one quality or aspect of something in return for gaining another quality or aspect.
Term
Diffusion:
 Definition
The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient, from a region of high concentration to an area of high concentration.
Term
Trachea:
 Definition
The portion of the respiratory system that passes from larynx to the bronchi; also called windpipe
Term
Spiracle:
 Definition
One of the external openings communicating with the air tubes or tracheae.
Term
K-value:
 Definition
The ratio of the internal diameter of a tube to the outside diameter
Term
Hematocrit:
 Definition
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
Term
Scaling:
 Definition
the linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects
Term
Relative Brain size
 Definition
the brain size in proportion to the body size.
Term
Behavior:
 Definition
Individually, an action carried out by muscles or glands under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus; collectively the summ of an animals responses the external and internal stimulus.
Term
Proximate causation:
 Definition
The stimulus and biological process that takes place.
Term
Ultimate Causation:
 Definition
the why? How does it contribute to an organisms fitness.
Term
Pheromone:
 Definition
In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functionss in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.
Term
Agonistic Behavior:
 Definition
Behavior involving conflict between two individuals
Term
Biological species concept:
 Definition
A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups.
Term
Subspecies:
 Definition
Populations or groups of populations within a species that show conspicuous and constant morphological differences and have different geographical ranges.
Term
Morphotype:
 Definition
Members of a species that share similar physical features.
Term
Allopatric speciation:
 Definition
gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Term
Sympatric speciation:
 Definition
speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geolographic area.
Term
Adaptive radiation:
 Definition
The sudden (in evolutionary terms) diversification of a related group of organisms from a common ancestor.
Term
Adaptive zone:
 Definition
A novel set of ecological opportunities and resources made possible by the evolution of a new characteristic.
Term
Reproductive isolating mechanism:
 Definition
Mechanisms that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring.
Term
Founder effect:
 Definition
genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.
Term
Genetic drift:
 Definition
A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations
Term
Benthic zone:
 Definition
The bottom surface of an aquatic environment
Term
Limnetic zone:
 Definition
Open surface waters
Term
Coevolution:
 Definition
The joint evolution of interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other.
Term
Mass extinction:
 Definition
An elimination of a large number of species throughout earth, the result of global environmental changes.
Term
Three types of teeth:
 Definition

Incisor

Canine

Cheek teeth
Term
Anther:
 Definition
Pollen-bearing structure in the stamen(male ogan) of the flower ussually located on top of the filament of the stamen
Term
Carpel:
 Definition
An organ at the center of the flower bearing one or more ovules and having its margins fused together or with other carpels toenclise the ovule in an ovary.
Term
Ectomycorrhizal:
 Definition
Mycorrhizalfungi that do not envagenate the plant cells
Term
Endomycorrhizal fungi:
 Definition
Mycorrhizal fungi that envagenate plant cells
Term
Filament:
 Definition
Holds the anther up (stock)
Term
Mark-recapture:
 Definition

a way of fetermining total population

N=sn/x
Term
Mutualism:
 Definition
Both species benefit from the relationship
Term
Mycorrhizal:
 Definition
speciealized relationship between a specialized fungus and the roots of plants. Helps plants obtain water and minerals and plant supplies carbohydrates and amino acids.
Term
Parasitism:
 Definition
one species benefits and the other is harmed
Term
Stamen:
 Definition
<ale organ consisting of a filament and an anther
Term
Stigma:
 Definition
the pollen-receptive surface of a carpel
Term
style:
 Definition
an elongated part of the carpel between ovary and stigma
Term
Symbiosis:
 Definition
Live together without harm to eachother.
Term
Australophithecine:
 Definition
Any of several ectinct humanlike primates of the genus Australopithecus, known chiefly from pleistocene fossil remains found in southern and eastern Africa.
Term
Extant:
 Definition
still in existence; surving
Term
Forman magnum:
 Definition
a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium
Term
Hominin:
 Definition
any of the lineages og human beings, including the early human predecessors such as Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo neandertalensis, and australopithecus species
Term
Prognathy:
 Definition
Having protrusive jaws
Term
Canopy:
 Definition
The cover fromed by the leafy upper branches of the trees in a forest
Term
Coniferous tree:
 Definition
any gymnospermous trea or shrub bearing cones
Term
Deciduous tree:
 Definition
A tree that sheds its leaves annually
Term
Fauna:
 Definition
The animals of a given region
Term
Flora:
 Definition
the plants of a particular region
Term
Herbivory:
 Definition
an animal that feeds on grasses and other plants
Term
Mutualism:
 Definition
a relationship between two species of organisms in which both benefit from the association.
Term
Parasitism:
 Definition
a relationship between organsims where one lives as a parasite on the other
Term
Predation:
 Definition
a relationship between animals in which one feeds on the other
Term
succession:
 Definition
the coming of one thing from another
Term
symbiosis:
 Definition
the living tigether of two dissimilar organisms
Term
trophic level:
 Definition
any class of organism that occupy the same position in a food chain
Supporting users have an ad free experience!