Term
| Darwin had how many inferences, and how many observations? |
|
Definition
| 5 observations, 3 inferences |
|
|
Term
| What were Darwin's observations? |
|
Definition
1. All species have the capacity to increase without bounds
2. Populations tend to be stable in size.
3. Resources are limited
4. Individuals vary in their characteristics
5. Some of this variation is heritable |
|
|
Term
| What were Darwin's inferences? |
|
Definition
1. Only a fraction of offspring survive.
2. "More fit" individuals are more likely to survive.
3. This leads to a gradual accumulation of individuals with favorable traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fitness depends on the environment. It is a characteristic of an individual. Those individuals whose heritable traits fit the environment allow them to leave more offspring. |
|
|
Term
| What ideas does the "modern-synthesis" idea of evolution incorporate? |
|
Definition
Darwin-Wallace idea of evolution by Natural Selection.
Mendelian Inheritance.
Theory and evidence on the forces that alter allele frequency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in genetic composition of a population across generations. A change in allele frequency across generations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The processes by which useful characteristics evolve by natural selection.
The characteristics that make it more likely for an individual to survive and reproduce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic Makeup of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observable characteristics of an organism. Product of genotype and environment. |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Selection: Directional |
|
Definition
| Linear relationship between trait value and fitness. |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Slection: Stabilizing |
|
Definition
| Individuals with medium level traits are most fit. Example - birth weights (too heavy or too light are not preferred) Variation of trait because of stabilizing selection (distribution changes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the fuel for evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ultimate source of genetic variation? |
|
Definition
| Mutation - errors during DNA synthesis and repair |
|
|
Term
| What are the four evolutionary forces? |
|
Definition
| Mutation, Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random changes in allele frequency due to imperfect sampling from one generation to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of gametes between populations due to migrations. Add new alleles to an existing population or change the allele frequencies of existing alleles. |
|
|
Term
| Selection acts most efficiently in what size population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic drift is most effective in what size populations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constructed based on similarities or differences in genetic characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where gene flow stops between two lineages so that they evolve independently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the descendants of a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete evolutionary history of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Features that are shared by two or more species that were inherited by a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trait that was present in the ancestor of a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits that are found in the descendent but not in the ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derived traits that shared among a group and are viewed as evidence of the common ancestry of the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Independently evolved traits subjected to similar selection pressures may become superficially similar. |
|
|
Term
| Molecular clock hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Rates of molecular change are constant enough to predict timing of evolutionary divergence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes the common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes the common ancestor and some, but not all of the ancestor's descendants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does include the common ancestor of the group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission of genetic information between unrelated organisms. Individual genes, organelles, or fragments of genomes move horizontally from one lineage to another.
Some species pick up DNA fragments directly from the environment (ex. antibiotic resistance)
Genes may be transferred to a new host in a viral genome.
Hybridization between species results in transfer of many genes. |
|
|
Term
| Morphological species concept |
|
Definition
| Members of species look alike because they share many alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species as brances on the tree of life |
|
|
Term
| The biological species concept |
|
Definition
| Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initially, a population with no barriers to mating.
Geographic barrier develops and isolates separate subpopulations.
Subpopulations evolve (via drift, mutation, and selection)
Barrier is lost and subpopulations are rejoined in a "hybrid zone" |
|
|
Term
| Prezygotic reproductive barriers |
|
Definition
| Act before fertilization to prevent mating |
|
|
Term
| Postzygotic reproductive barriers |
|
Definition
| Act after fertilization to prevent the development of viable offspring or their fertility |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the hybrid zone? |
|
Definition
Reinforcement - hybrids are not fit, selection for increased prezygotic isolation; Lineages diverge even more.
Fusion The hybrids do as well as the parental lineages (lineages can come back together, no more speciation)
Stability - Hybrid zone that's maintained, and the two lineages are maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Full set of genes plus noncoding regions of DNA.
Most genes are in the chromosomes but some are in mitochondria and chloroplast. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the human genome is highly conserved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in the amino acid sequence can alter the charges and structure of a protein and thus its function. Amino acid replacement. A type of mutation. |
|
|
Term
| Synonymous or silent substitution |
|
Definition
| A substitution that does not change the amino acid that is specified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes a change in the amino acid sequence |
|
|
Term
| Neutral rate of synonymous and nonsynonymous |
|
Definition
| The two rates are expected to be similar; the ratio would be close to 1. |
|
|
Term
| Positive selection for change |
|
Definition
| Rate of nonsynonymous substitutions should be much higher than synonymous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of synonymous substitutions should be much higher than nonsynonymous. |
|
|
Term
| Species vary in the rate of gain or loss of functionless DNA. What are some possible reasons? |
|
Definition
Large genomes can slow the rate of development and may selected against.
Amount of noncoding DNA may be related to population size. In small populations, genetic drift may overwhelm weak selection against these sequences. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four fates of gene duplications? |
|
Definition
1. Both copies retain original function
2. Both copies retain original function but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times.
3. One copy becomes nonfunctional from accumulation of deleterious substitutions and becomes a pseudogene.
4. One copy accumulates substitutions that allow it to perform a new function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results form successive rounds of duplication and mutation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes that can be traced to speciation events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes that are related through duplication events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preserved remains of ancient organisms. They tell us about body form or morphology, and where and how organisms lived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ln();5)/-lambda = 0.693/lamda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In an organism the ratio of C14 and C12 stays constant during its lifetime. When an organism dies it no longer incorporating C14 from the environment. The C14 that was present in the body decays with no replacement and the ratio of C14 to C12 decreases. This ratio can then be used to date fossils up to about 50,000 years old. |
|
|
Term
| What do we use to date rocks older than 50,000 years? |
|
Definition
Requires estimating isotope concentrations in igneous rocks.
(ratio at) Closure temperature.
Rate of decay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point when ratio between isotope and decayed product is frozen in the rock and fixed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4.54 billion years using uranium-lead isotopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Land masses have moved over time (Wegener 1912).
Earth's crust is divided into solid plates about 40 km thick. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes over time (oxygen levels) |
|
Definition
The early atmosphere probably contained little or no free oxygen (O2). O2 began to increase when certain bacteria evolved the ability to use H2O as a source of H+ ions in photosynthesis. O2 was a waste product.
O2 levels were about 50% higher than today's levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides more energy per calorie. Aerobes replaced anaerobes in most environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A geologically rapid diversification of life. O2 concentration was approaching modern levels and the continents formed large land masses. Most of the major groups of animals living today appeared in the Cambrian. |
|
|
Term
| Properties of prokaryotic cells. |
|
Definition
Lack a cytoskeleton.
Divide by binary fission.
DNA is a single circular molecule, not in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
No membrane-enclosed organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes. Lipids with fatty acids connected to glycerol via ester linkages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Archaea cell membranes have lipids with fatty acids linked glycerol with ether linkages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria can monitor size of the population by sensing the amount of chemical signal present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polymer of amino sugars found in bacterial cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Archaea can live in what kind of environments? |
|
Definition
| Very extreme environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not use oxygen as an electron acceptor in respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot live in the presence of oxygen (it will kill them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not use oxygen for cellular respiration, but are not damaged by oxygen if it is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can shift their metabolism between aerobic and anaerobic modes, such as fermentation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot survive in the absence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy source - light
Carbon source - Carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Photoheterotrophs (some bacteria) |
|
Definition
Energy source - Light
Carbon source - organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy substances - Inorganic substances
Carbon source - Carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy source - organic compounds
Carbon source - organic compounds |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of flexible cell surface |
|
Definition
-Cells can grow larger
-As cell size increases, surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, but with a flexible surface, infolding can occur
-Also allowed endocytosis to develop |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of a cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
-Provides cell support
-Allows cells to change shape and to move materials around the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the earth was young, cyanobacteria were producing O2 which is poisonous.
At some point, phagocytic eukaryotes "ate" and kept intact a proteobacteria evolved into mitochondria (endosymbiotic theory)
The first function of mitochondria might have been to detoxify O2 by reducing it to water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotic cell engulfs a cyanobacterium.
Chloroplasts of green and red algae.
The cyanobacterium was gram-negative with an inner and outer membrane.
A small amount of peptidoglycan from the bacterial cell wall is found today in glaucophytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Euglenid ancestor engulfs a chlorophyte, retaining the chloroplasts and gave rise to chloroplasts in the other photosynthetic eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multicellular, heterotophic eukaryotes
Lack cell walls (which fungi have)
Cells linked with collagen and have intercellular junctions
Specialized tissues for movement and impulse conduction
Specialized development
Hox genes. |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for the origin of animals |
|
Definition
Flagellated protist idea:
1. Colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cells
2. Hollow sphere of unspecialized cells
3. Beginning of cell specialization
4. Infolding
5. Gastrula-like "protoanimal" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of Eumetazoa
2-layer tissue - ectoderm and endoderm
Radial symmetry (Cnidaria, Ctenaphores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Determinate development
Usually spiral cleavage
A subcategory of triploblastic, eumetazoans
Mouth develops from blastopore |
|
|
Term
| What are the four major dichotomies? |
|
Definition
Parazoa vs. Eumetazoans
Diploblastic vs. triploblastic
Protostomes vs. deuterostomes
Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Usually found in protostomes.
Determinate: cell fate is fixed at first division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in deuterstomes
Indeterminate: cell fate not fixed at first; twinning is possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inpocketing at blastula stage. Forms the gut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lack a fluid-filled body cavity
Space between gut and body wall is filled with mesenchyme
Movement is by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Body cavity is a fluid-filled space in which organs are suspended.
-But not lined with mesoderm (thus a pseudocoel)
-Muscles are only on the outside wall of the animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True coelom that develops from mesoderm
Coelom lined with a layer of mesodermal muscle tissue
Peritoneum covers the organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cushions internal organs
Can provide a hydrostatic skeleton
Allows external layer of muscles to move independently of organs and gut
Provides space to store reproductive cells (eggs) and wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radial cleavage, indeterinate cleavage, anus develops from blastopore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Folds of archenteron form coelom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aligned with annelids and mollusks
Three phyla:
Bryozoa, phoronida, brachiopoda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sponges
Habitat: mostly marine and sessile
Body plan: Pores and central cavity; cellular organization and no true tissues or organs.
Feeding: filter feeders with intracellular digestion
Osmoregulation/Excretion: by vacuoles
Reproduction: hermaphrodites, asexual budding
Water flow via Bernoulli effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osculum, pores, atrium, spicules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marine
Radially symmetrical
Two cell layers are separated by a thick, gelatinous mesoglea
Ctenes are comb-like rows of fused cilia; they move through the water by beating the cilia.
Feeding tentacles are covered with cells that discharge adhesive material when they contact prey.
Simple life cycles with external fertilization and with zyogtes developing directly into small ctenophores. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Cnidarians? |
|
Definition
| Jellyfish, sea anemone, and coral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Habitat: mostly marine, some freshwater
Body plan: radial symmetry, tentacles in 4 or 6 multiples, diploblastic with some connective tissue (mesoglea); specialized cells (nerve cells, muscle fibers, etc.)
Feeding: carnivores, extracellular protelytic enzymes. Use nematocysts to subdue prey.
No specialized organs for osmoregulation, excretion, respiration or circulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe reproduction in Cnidaria |
|
Definition
Polyps - asexual stage, sessile
medusa - sexual stage, free-swimming
Hermaphroditic |
|
|
Term
| Gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians |
|
Definition
Digestion
Circulation
Gas exchange
Hydrostatic skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scolex
Proglottids - segments with reproductive organs, some nerves and protonephrida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have many specialized internal organs
Have a complete gut
Body cavity is a pseudocoel that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton, but most propel themselves by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure found in rotifers. Ciliated organ on the head. Beating cilia sweep food particles into the mouth and into the mastax, and organ that grinds the food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colonies grow asexual reproduction of the founding member. Colonies may contain as many as 2 million individuals called zooids.
New colonies are produced sexually. Sperm is released into water and carried to another individual. Eggs are fertilized and brooded internally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Body plan: highly diverse group but usually three distinct body regions - head, muscular foot, and visceral mass which contains well developed organs
Mantle covers visceral mass and secretes the shell and encloses the gills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complex digestive system with radula.
Paired ventral nerve cord.
Modified trochophore larva.
Reduced coelom; usually an open circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four major classes in Mollusca? |
|
Definition
| Chitons, Gastropoda (snails, slugs), Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters), Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, nautiluses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only one who doesn't have a radula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cord crosses; anus near mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as metamerism. Segments formsed as pairs of pouches during development and lined with mesodermal tissue. Found in annelids, arthropods, and chordates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When you have a lot of things that are the same, you can specialize (reproduction, defense, etc.)
"Repeat, then vary." |
|
|
Term
| Primitive Annelid segments |
|
Definition
Metanephridia
hearts
Appendages
Coelemic ducts for release of gametes
Ventral ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Habitats: all types, mostly free-living
Trocophore larva
Hydrostatic skeleton with thin cuticle which allows for respiration via skin
CNS; brain and paired ventral nerve cord
Metanephridia for excretion
Coelomic ducts for reproduction
Closed tubular circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have a cuticle (the exoskeleton) that is secreted by the epidermis
To grow, the exoskeleton must be shed or moltd and replaced with a larger one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appendages manipulated by muscles evolved in the late Precambrian leading to the arthropod clade.
Muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton. Each segment has muscles that operate that segment and the appendages attached to it. The hard exoskeleton allowed for walking on dry land and prevented drying.
-Rigid cuticle, replaced by molting.
-Versatile body plan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for locomotion, food capture, gas exchange, copulation, and sensory percepton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appendages manipulated by muscles evolved in the late Precambrian leading to the arthropod clade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for locomotion, food capture, gas exchange, copulation, and sensory percepton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trilobites (extinct)
Chelicerata - Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, mites), Horshoe crabs
Myriapods - centipedes, millipedes, etc.
Crustaceans - barnacles, shrimp, lobsters, crab, etc.
Hexapods - insects, springtails, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Why are Arthropods so diverse? |
|
Definition
Segmentation - each segment has muscles that operate a segment and its appendages. Allows complex movement patterns and specialization of appendages.
Rigid exoskeleton provides support for walking on land, prevents drying, and provides protection against predators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arthropod; thin, flexible cuticle; use fluid-filled body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton for movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Went extinct at the end of the Permian. Left an abundant fossil record. Some appendages were modified for different functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Centipedes and millipedes.
Have a head and long, flexible trunk with may pairs of legs.
Centipedes - one pair of legs per segment, prey on insects and other small animals.
Millipedes - two pairs of legs per segment, scavenge and eat plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two-part body; head has two pairs of appendages modified into mouthparts.
Many have four pairs of walking legs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dominant marine arthropods today; also terrestrial and freshwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Type of crustacean)
Shrimps, crayfishes, and crabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Type of crustacean)
Sow bugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Type of crustacean)
Abundant in plankton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Type of crustacean)
Sessile as adult. They resemble bivalve mollusks, but use appendages to move food into the mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hexapods; abundant and diverse in terrestrial and freshwater habitats; only a few live in salt water.
Body has three regions: Head, thorax, abdomen.
One pair of antennae on the head, three pairs of legs on the thorax, no appendages on the abdomen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substantial changes that occur between stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes are gradual (grasshoppers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changes are dramatic (butterfly)
Holometabolous insects have complete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reproductive division of labor (Queens and workers)
Ants, some bees, some wasps, termites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Size-based division of labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Roundworms.
Unsegmented: thick, mutilayered cuticle
Gas and nutrient exchange occurs through the cuticle and the gut, which is only one cell thick.
The pharynx, a muscular organ at the anterior end, moves materials through the gut.
Move by contracting longitudinal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Nematode feeding habits |
|
Definition
Very diverse:
-Scavengers in soil, freshwater, and marine sediments
-Many predators, feeding on protists and other animals
-Many are parasites. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the three early developmental pattern in deuterostomes |
|
Definition
Radial Cleavage
Mouth forms opposite the blastopore
Coelom develops from mesodermal pockets that bud off from the cavity of the gastrula |
|
|
Term
| Three clades of living deuterstomes |
|
Definition
Echinoderms
Hemichordates
Chordates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea stars, sea urchins, and their relatives
Deuterostomes, all marine and all free-living
Bilateral larval but adult pentamerous radiate
No defined head, no excretory organs
Water vascular system: coelomic in origin, used for locomotion, feeding and respiration
Endoskeleton that is dermal in origin
Mutable connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acorn worms and pterobranchs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sea squirts, lancelets, vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in echinoderms. Network of water-filled canals that are coelomic in origin.
Functions:
Gas exchange
Locomotion
Feeding
Structure:
Madreporite
Ring canal
Radial canals
Tube feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sea lillies and feather stars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Lack arms and use tube feet for movement
Sea urchins are covered with spines
Sea urchins have specialized "jaws" to eat algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sea stars and brittle stars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asterozoan (Echinodermata)
Gonads and digestive organs located in the arms
Use tube feet, mutable connective tissue and eversible stomach to capture large prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asterozoan (Echinodermata)
Tube feet very reduced
Flexible arms composed of jointed plates
Ingest sediment and digest organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three-part body plan: proboscis, collar, and trunk |
|
|
Term
| Three clades of chordates |
|
Definition
Urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates
Evolutionary relationships are most evident in the early developmental stages
Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits
Muscular, postnatal tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flexible rod runs length of the animal
-Located in between the dorsal nerve cord and the digestive tract
-Inside: large fluid-filled cels
-Outside: stiff fibrous tissue
-Provides support (not a nerve cord)
-In most vertebrates, present only in embryo |
|
|
Term
| What does the notochord develop from? |
|
Definition
| A fold of ectodermal tissue called neural crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slits located just posterior to the mouth in the pharynx.
-Slits run from the pharynx to the outside of the animal.
-Water can flow into the mouth and out the slits
-Original function: suspension feeding
-Modified to serve as gill, jaw support, organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tail extends beyond the anus, muscles are grouped into segments called somites.
Somites develop from blocks of mesodermal tissue.
Thus chordates have "true" segmentation
Notochord provides support for muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Known as tunicates (sessile species) and salps (planktonic species)
Chordate traits often found in only the larva
One set of Hox genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cephalization
Closed circulatory system
Neural crest cells
Two set of HOX genes
Have vertebrate (except for hagfish) |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrate characteristics |
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Definition
Anterior skull with a large brain
Rigid internal skeleton supported by the vertebral column
Internal organs suspended in a coelom
Well-developed circulatory system with a ventral heart |
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| Finned fishes with skeletons of cartilage |
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Definition
Class chondrichtyes
Cartilaginous fishes but skeleton has mineralized granules, bony teeth, cartilaginous skeleton is derived
No swim bladder - oil helps provide buoyancy, will sink if not swimming, in sharks, pectoral and pelvic fins provide lift |
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Definition
Radiated extensively during the Tertiary into a diversity of life styles
Traits: usually 4-5 pairs of gills, bones ossified with calcium phosphate, scales, swim bladder
Swim bladder: allows fish to maintain position at specific depths |
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Definition
Jointed fins evolved in the ancestor of them
Lungfishes, tetrapods, coelacanths |
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Definition
| Have a carilaginous skeleton that is a derived feature |
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Definition
Have lungs and gills
Can burrow into mud as ponds dry up
Survive many months in an inactive state by breathing air |
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Term
| How did vertebrates colonize the land? |
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Definition
Evolution of lunglike sacs set stage for evolution of land animals
Swim bladder evolved from lung-like sac
Changes in the structure of fins allowed some fish to support themselves in shallow water, and later move onto land |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved from sarcopterygians (theory)
Legs evolved from jointed fins.
Two clades:
Amphibians - confined to moist habitats, lose water through skin easily, eggs without shell and will dry out if exposed to air.
Amniotes - embryo protected from drying by a shelled egg or maternal tissue impermeable to water |
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Definition
Amniote egg
Adult have a tough skin with scales and other modifications to prevent drying
-Excretory organs that allow excretion of concentrated urine, which allows excretion of nitrogen wastes without losing an excess of water |
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Definition
| Shelled egg as an adaptation to life on land (has yolk - food for embryo and four extraembryonic membranes to protect the embryo from drying and to assit gas exchange) |
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| Gas exchange; encloses wastes |
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| Characters: scales composed of keratin, gas exchange lungs, exothermic. |
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Definition
Distinct reptilian traits: amniote egg and scales on legs.
Adapted for flight: honeycombed bones, reduced organs, no teeth, four-chambered, small lungs but additional air sacs.
Endothermic, feathers evolved from scales. |
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Term
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Definition
Metabolically expensive.
Bird lungs allow increased efficiency of gas exchange:
-Air flow in one direction, supports high metabolic rate
Regulate heat loss/gain by changing position of feather |
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Term
| Three extant groups of mammals: |
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Definition
Prototherians (monotremes)
Marsupials
Eutherians |
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Term
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Definition
Possess hair composed of kertain, not homologous with reptilian scales.
Endothermic.
Efficient gas exchange (4-chambered heart, diaphragm)
Mammary glands
Teeth are differentiated
Unique jaw joint, 3 auditory ossicles
Secondary palate, can breathe and swallow at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
Duck-billed platypus and echidna
Lack a placenta and lay eggs
Reptilian-like egg, hair, mammary glands but no nipples
Monotreme means "one opening": have a cloaca, not a rectum |
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Opossums, kangaroos, koalas.
Possess a marsupium: young born after 4-5 weeks, crawl from urogenital opening to the pouch, attach to teat inside the pouch. |
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Term
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Definition
Extremely varied.
Most have placentas and are more developed at birth than marsupials.
Large size evolved in herbivore lineages, which favored evolution of large carnivores to be able to prey one them. |
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Definition
Evolved from a small, arboreal insectivorous mammal
Have grasping limbs (adaptation to arboreal life)
Two main clades:
Prosimians
Anthropoids |
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Definition
Lack opposable thumb.
Mainland prosimians are arboreal and nocturnal. |
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