1. Growth and development

2. Energy Processing

3. Regulation

4. Reproduction

5. Order

6. Evolutionary Adaptation

7. Response to environment

Heredity and Metabolism

• Heredity- passing traits from one generation to next

• Metabolism- set of chemical rxns that take place in an organism which manage material and energy.

1. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy
2. Organisms interact with other organisms & physical environment
3. Life requires energy transfer/transformation
4. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of Bio. Organization
5. Cell is basic unit of structure and function
   
6. Continuity of life is based on heritable information (DNA)
7. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems
8. Evolution (overarching theme of biology)

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"

Explain this quote and where it comes from.

Essentially, it is more useful to study a whole organism rather than using reductionism to simplify complex parts of an organism. It is better to look at the whole picture.

This quote is based off of the unifying theme in biology "new properties emerge at each level in bio. hierarchy"

1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Organelles
4. Cells
5. Tissues
6. Organs/Systems
7. Organisms
8. Populations
9. Communities
10. Ecosystems

AMOCTOOPCE (At Molly's Or Cindy's Tell Odd Orton Pooh Came Earlier)

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism: the building up of energy

ex: photosynthesis

Catabolism: the breaking down of energy

ex: cell respiration

#1. the cycling of nutrients

#2. the flow of energy

An organism is designed/structured/shaped in a way that will help it perform a function(s) easily.

ex: fins help fish swim

All cells... (2)

Also, what are the 2 types of cells?

#1. Are enclosed by membrane

#2. Use DNA as genetic information

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

#1. Prokaryotic lack nucleus/ Eukaryotes have nucleus

#2. Prokaryotes lack true organelles/ Eukaryotes have true organelles

#3. Eukaryotes (larger/complex) > Prokaryotes (smaller/simple)

What is...

Positive Feedback?

Negative Feedback?

Give an example of each.

positive feedback: end product speeds up production

- blood clots

negative feedback: accumulation of end product slows down production

- excess ATP in a cell

Natural Selection: process that generates evolutionary change

- environment "selects" beneficial traits

Similarity; they all came from common ancestors

Differences; account for the accumulation of different heritable traits

When 'classifying life', what is considered the smallest classification unit? the largest classification unit?

Species: smallest classification unit

Domain: largest classification unit

1. Bacteria

2. Eukarya

3. Archaea

Domain Eukarya includes: (4)

Identify which are unicellular/multicellular.

1. Protists (unicellular)

2. Animalia (multicellular)

3. Plantae (multicellular)

4. Fungi (multicellular)

1. Descent with modification

2. unity yet diverse

1. Many organisms originally descended from a common ancestor

2. Emphasized natural selection (mechanism for evolution)

Characteristics that enhance survival/reproduction in specific environments

Note: they are heritable

1. Members of population varies in traits

2. Traits are inherited

3. Species produce offspring that can be supported by environment and offspring that is not suited for environment die off

What is convergent evolution?

Hint: flying squirrel vs marsupial

The evolution of similar/analogous features in distant related groups

- does not provide info about ancestors

1.Carbon

2.Hydrogen

3.Oxygen

4.Nitrogen

Each subatomic particle determines something different. Pick which subatomic particle determines which:

a) determines chemical behavior

b) determines isotope

c) determines element

a) electron

b) neutron

c) proton

protons and neutrons

Note: if you want to find the number of neutrons; Neutrons = Atomic mass - protons

Atoms with incomplete valence shell = reactive

Atoms with complete valence shell = unreactive

1. Covalent bonds (strongest)

2. Noncovalent bonds

1. polar 

2.nonpolar

1. ionic bonds

2. hydrogen bonds

3. Van der Waals interactions

Sharing a pair of valence electrons.

Completing valence shells in their "preferred" state

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

Results in polar/nonpolar bonds.

Note: the greater the electroneg, stronger the pull on shared electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds?

Polar covalent bonds?

atoms have similar electronegativities (share electrons equally)

atoms have differing electronegativities (share electrons unequally) 

unequal; charged atoms or molecules

cation: + charged ion

anion: - charged ion

Ionic compounds are called ____.

hint: they are not molecules.

1. cohesion

2. moderation of temperature

3. expansion upon freezing

d. "solvent of life"

Helps pull water up through plant vasculature (trees don't have a heart to circulate the water)

Allows for puddles/ponds/streams to form

Allows for water to move through blood vessels

1. specific heat

2.evaporative cooling

The amount of heat absorbed or lost (to change 1g substance by 1 degree C)

4.187 kJ/kgK - highest specific heat values

Cool a surface; example: when you sweat

(due to water's high heat of evaporation)

Ice is less/more dense than liquid water; why?

hint: ice floats

What is a solution?

solvent?

solute?

solution: homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances (salt water)

solvent: dissolving agent (water)

solute: what gets dissolved (salt)

note: in this case, because water is the solvent, that makes salt water an aqueous solution