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| contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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| groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions |
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polymers
ex: carbohydrates, starch, proteins |
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large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
ex: pearl necklace is polymer, single pearls are monomers |
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| smaller molecules that join together to create a polymer |
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| chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water while creating a polymer |
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| breakdown of bonds between monomers by adding a water molecule |
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molecules that include sugars and polymers of sugars
in animals: primary source of dietary energy and raw material for manufacturing other kinds of organic compounds
in plants: serve as building material for plant body |
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monomers of carbohydrates; cannot be broken down into smaller sugars
ex: glucose (found in sports drinks)
fructose (found in fruit)
both are found in honey |
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molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
ex: anagrams - earth, heart |
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| main fuel molecules for cellular work, aqueous solution called dextrose often given as an IV to sick or injured patients. |
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double sugar, constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose |
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"milk sugar"
made from glucose and galactose |
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naturally found in germinating seeds
two glucose monomers joined together
used to make beer, malt whiskey & liquor, malted milk shakes, malted milk ball candy |
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glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer
main carb in pant sap |
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manufactured by the breakdown of starch from corn to glucose and converted to fructose
main sweetner for the United States. |
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complex carbs, polymers of monosaccharides
ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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long strings of glucose monomers
plant cells store starch, like we do glycogen
ex: potatoes, grains, corn and rice |
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polymer of glucose monomers, but more extensively branched than starch.
stored in liver and muscles, which breakdown the glycogen and release glucose when energy is needed |
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polymer of glucose, but linked together in a unique way
most abundant organic compound on earth, forms cable-like fibrils in tough walls that enclose plant cells.
cellulose in plant fods, pass unchanged through our system, commonly known as dietary fiber
ex: fruits and veggies, whole grains, bran and beans |
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readily dissolving in water
(monosaccharides and disaccharides) |
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does not mix with water
(lipids)
ex: vinegar and oil |
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neither macromolecules nor polymers
diverse group of molecules made from different "building blocks"
ex: fat and steroids |
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| triglycerides, unsaturated and saturated |
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| glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acids |
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| fatty acid has fewer than the max number of hydrogens at the double bond |
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| contain max number of hydrogen atoms |
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| several double bonds within its fatty acids |
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lipidcontaining deposits called plaque build up along the inside walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increasing risk of heart attacks and strokes
caused by diets rich in saturated fat |
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converting unsaturated fat to saturated fat by adding hydrogen
also createstrans fats, a type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health |
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fats that are good for you, reduce risk of heart disease and relieve symptoms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease
ex: nuts and oily fish such as salmon |
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hydrophobic, very different from fats in structure and function
all steroids have a carbon skeleton with four fused rings
ex: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen |
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| has a bad reputation because of its association with cardiovascular disease, but it is an essentional molecule in your body. Key component of membranes that surround your cells. |
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polymer of amino acid monomers
most elaborate and diverse of life's molecules
(polymer consisting of one or more polypeptides) |
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20 kinds, consist of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners, three of those attachments are common to all 20 amino acids
carboxyl group (-COOH), amino group (-NH2) and a hydrogen atom
varient component is the "R group" or "radical group" |
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| unique to each amino acid, defines it's special chemical properties. |
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| bond between adjacent amino acids by a dehydration reaction |
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| resulting long chain of amino acids after peptide bonds |
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| specific amino acid sequence (spelling) of a polypeptide |
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| caused by substitution of one amino acid for another at a particular position in the hemoglobin |
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3-4 levels of structure
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
proteins with one polypeptide chain contain first 3 levels
proteins with more than one polypeptide chain contains all four |
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| primary structure of protein |
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| unique secquence of amino acids in polypeptide chain |
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| secondary structure of protein |
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| alpha and pleated sheet, reinforced by hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone |
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| overall three-dimentional shape reinforced by chemical bonds between the side groups of amino acids and different regions of the polypeptide chain |
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| proteins with two or more polypeptide chains have a quaternary structure, results from bonds between the chains |
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when a cell makes a polypeptide, the chain usually folds spontaneously to form the functional shape
function depends on its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule
function follows form |
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shape of protein is sensitive to the surrounding environment
ex: unfavorable change of temperature, pH or some other quality of the environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape |
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macromolecules (polymers) that store information and provide instructions for building proteis
ex: DNA, RNA |
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deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic material that humans and other organisms inherit from their parents consist of giant molecules of DNA |
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| specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, written in chemical code that must be translated from "nucleic acid language" to "protein language" |
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| molecules that make the "nucleic acid language" to "protein language" translation |
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monomer used to make nucleic acid polymers, contain three parts
center is a five-carbon sugar, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA
attached to sugar is negatively charged phosphate group containing a phosphorus atom bonded to oxygen atoms
also attached to sugar is nitrogen-containing base made of one or two rings
sugar and phosphate are the same in all nucleotides; only the base varies |
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has one of four possible nitrogenous bases:
(A) adenine
(G) guanine
(C) cytosine
(T) thymine
cystosine |
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monomers joined together by dehydration reactions
if DNA...called a DNA strand |
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covalent bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next
leaves the bases (A,T,C or G) hanging off the backbone like appendages |
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molecule of cellular DNA, double stranded with two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other
bases along one DNA strand hydrogen-bond to bases along the other strand. Individually weak, like water molecules, but collectively they zip the two strands together into a very stable double helix |
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| lactose intolerance is rare among americans of northern european descent because the ability to tolerate lactose offered a survival advantage to their ancestors. Lactose intolerant people cannot break down lactose. Result of having a neucleotide at a specific location, 14000 nucleotides away from the lactace gene, on one chromosome. |
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