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| consists of all the environments on earth that support life- including soil; oceans, lakes and other bodies of water. |
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| all the living organisms in a specific area, along with all the nonliving factors with which they interact. |
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| is much simpler and usually smaller than the eukaryotic cell. The cells of bacteria are prokaryotic. |
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| includes plants, animals. subdivided by internatal membranes into different compartments called organelles. for example the nucleus houses dna, the inherited material that directs the cells activities. |
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| all cells use dna as the chemical material of |
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| the environment selects only certain heritable traits from those already existing. (unequal reproductive success). |
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| is a way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world that is based on inquiry- a search for information, explanations, and answers to specific questions. |
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| verifiable observations and measurements (data) |
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| formal process of inquiry. consists of a series of steps |
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| hypothesis- driven science |
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| what is called modern science investigations. |
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| is a tentative answer to a question- an explanation on trial. |
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| Experiment of this type is designed to compare an experimental group (the patients who had a heat attack, in this case) with a control group (patients who did not have a heart attack). |
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| is anything that occupies space and has mass. |
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| is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. |
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| are required in only very small amounts, but you cannot live without them. less than 0.01% of your weight is made up of 14 trace elements. |
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| elements combine to form these, substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio. |
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| named from a greek word meaning "indivisible," is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. |
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| is a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge (+). |
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| is a subatomic particle with a single negative charge (-). |
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| is electrically neutral (has no charge). |
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| the number of protons in an atom, determines which element it is. |
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| is the measure of the amount of material an object has. |
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| is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.(atom) |
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| have the same numbers of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons; in other words, they are forms of an element that differ in mass. |
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| is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy. |
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| chemical reactions enable atoms to give up or acquire electrons. The interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions ___ |
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| atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons. |
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| the attraction between oppositely charged ions. ex. table salt. |
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| forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. are the strongest of the bonds. they are the ones that hold atoms together in a molecule. |
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| is one with an uneven distribution of charge. |
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| weak attractions such as a hydrogen atom from one water molecule is near the oxygen atom of another molecule. |
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| breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones. changing the chemical compositions of matter. |
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| the conversion of the starting materials |
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| the result of the conversion of starting materials. |
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| the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together |
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| is the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter |
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| measures the intensity of heat. that is the average speed of molecules rather than the total amount of heat energy in a body of matter. |
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| another way that water moderates temperature. when a substance evaporates (changes physical state from a liquid to a gas), the surface of the liquid remaining behind cools down. |
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| the results of a mixture and is a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
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| any substance that is dissolved |
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| when water is solvent this is the resulting solution |
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| is a compound that accepts H+ and removes them from the solution. Some, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), do this by releasing OH-, which combines with H+ to form H2O. |
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| to describe the acidity of a solution. is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution. |
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| biological fluids, substances that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ when that ion is in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted. |
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| the study of carbon based molecules, which lies at the heart of any study of life. |
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| in terms of chemical composition these are the simplest organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
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| carbohydrates/ lipids / proteins / nucleic acids |
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| nervous, group of cells with the same structure and function |
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| populations group of organisms of the same kind living together in one place |
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all ecosystems on planter earth
population->species->community->ecosystems |
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| consists of members that can interbred |
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| different populations living together |
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biotic factors - living organisms
abiotic factors -soil-water-air |
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1.observation
2.questions
3.hypothesis
4.experiment
5.results
6.theory
7.law |
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-no nucleus
-no organelles
-bacteria
archaebacteria |
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-nucleus
-organelles
-protista
-fungi
-plants
-animals
protista-fungi-plants-animals |
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| 3 domains archaebacteria, bacteria, eukarya. extreme environments, hotsprings. |
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1. all life is celluar
2. all life is made up of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
3. the dna of all organisms is comprised of the same nucleotides- A, T, G & C.
4. The proteins " " " are made up of the same 20 amino acids.
5. The genetic code is universal
6. All celluar functions are the same.
there are 50% DNA homology between you and a banana. |
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| process by which populations change over time |
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| minister of church pastor 1831 nauralist HMS Beagle 5 yr voyage South America, Galapagos Is, Australia & Pacific Islands. made a book "origin of species" |
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| climate, rocks, plants , animals. |
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| shows a graded series of changes. an evolutionary parade. |
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comparative anatomy (evidence)
homologous structure |
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| have different functions, but the same evolutionary origin eg, the horses leg and bat wing have the same basic bone structure. |
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| same functions but different evolution origin. |
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| greater homology in organisms closer on the evolutionary scale. |
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| ontogeny repeats phyllogeny |
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| embryonic development recapitulates evolutionary history human embryo develops gill slits, a tail, and a coat of hair during different stages of development. |
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| idea of natural selection |
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the preservation of favorable variations rejection of injurious variations, variations neither useful nor injurious, are not acted upon by N.S
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individuals with characteristics or gene combinations, that favor life, are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation. |
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1) mutation or change in DNA
a) errors during DNA replication.
b) exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes DNA damage.
2) genetic recombination
1. more offspring are produced that the environment can support.
2. there is competition for food, shelter, resources.
3. this leads to a struggle for existence.
4. variation exists in nature.
5. some variants are better equipped to cope with the circumstances- leading to the survival of the fittest. |
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| are made up of molecules. |
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| all mater is made of all small units called atoms. |
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| interact with each other to form molecules. |
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| number of protons in nucleus. |
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| total number of protons and neutrons. |
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| all atoms with the same atomic number behave the same way chemically and are classified as the same chemical element. |
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| atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. example- with 8,9 and 10 neutrons respectively. |
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| a molecule that contains at least two different kinds of atoms. |
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| foreign substance that revokes an immune response. |
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| bodys response to the antigen |
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| transfer of electrons, oppositely charged ions, antigen antibody reactions |
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| water, acids, bases and salts |
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| most important, most abundant and vital for all life forms. |
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| participate in all chemical reactions and essential for all life forms. |
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made up of C, H and O H::O::2:1 Ch2o
principle function - source of energy in the cell.
other functions - building block of DNA form cell walls of bacterial cells
3 major groups:
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides |
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| each molecule contains 3-7 carbon atoms eg. glucose. 1 unit 3-7 carbon,(glucose, fructose)monomers of carbohydrates; they cannot be broken down into smaller sugars. ex. glucose, found in sports drinks, and fructose found in fruit. |
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| consist of 2 monosaccharides bonded in a dehydration synthesis reaction. eg, sucrose (consists of glucose + fructose). liking two monosaccharides together glucose + fructose = (table sugar) sucrose. |
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consists of 8 or more monosaccharides. eg, glycogen - storage material in animals and some bacteria. and structure -> store carbohydrates in polysaccharides.
ex. starch, potato, glycogen - is broken down. |
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contain, c, h and o but do not have 2:1 ratio between h and o atoms. nonpolar, insoluble in h2o but dissolve in nonpolar solvents like ether and chloroform.
functions: 1. energy storage
2. cell membrane and cell wall.
triaslyceral
they are hydrophobic - water fearing. |
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| or triglycerides (carbon - hydrogen chain) contain glycerol and fatty acids. |
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| contain p, n and s. eg. phospholipids are present in cell membrane. |
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have characteristic ring structure, eg cholesterol.
hydrophobic
different from fats in structure and function. |
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| hydrophillic water loving. |
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contain c, h, o and n. some also contain s. essential in all aspects of cell structure and function.
1. enzymes
2 carrier proteins
3. bacteriocins
4. toxins
5. movement of microbial cells.
6. cell wall |
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are the building blocks of proteins. amino acids consist of at least one carboxy -(cooh) group and one amino (-nh2) group, attached to the same c atom, and the a-c. attached to the a-c is the r group, which is the amino acid's distinguishing feature.
there are 20 amino acids in nature. |
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is formed between the carboxyl (-cooh) group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
aa-aa-aa
^
peptide bond |
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| levels of protein structure |
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there are 4 levels of organization
1.primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
4. quaternary structure |
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| is the unique order (sequence) in which the amino acids are linked together. sequence is genetically determined. |
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| localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain. eg helix, pleated sheets (both are held together by h bonds between o and n atoms) |
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| overall 3-d structure of the polypeptide chain involves interactions between amino acid side groups. |
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| two or more polypeptide chains operate as a single functional unit - involves interactions between acid side groups. |
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much broader in scope of a hypothesis.
ex adaptations to the local environment evolve by natural selection. |
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| is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy. |
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| a chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution |
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| in an organic compound the groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions. |
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| large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers. ex (macromolecules) |
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| in which cells link molecules together reaction to form polymers. etc is a chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water. |
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| process that breaks down polymers. means to break with water. cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them. |
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| animals store excess sugar om this form of a polysaccharide. stored in the liver and muscle cells. |
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| the most abundant organic compound found on earth. forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and is a major component of wood and other structural components of plants. |
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| consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via dehydration reactions. the resulting fat is called a triglyceride. |
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| a term you may see on food labels or in the results of blood test. the major portion of a fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon that stores a lot of energy. |
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| has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the double bond. |
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| meaning they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, giving them a straight shape. one of all three of its fatty acid tails saturated. |
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| in this condition, lipid containing deposits called plaque build up along the inside walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. |
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| converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. |
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| created by hydrogentation, and is a type of unsaturated fat that is particulary bad for your health. |
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| is a polymer of amino acid monomers. proteins are the most elaborate and diverse of lifes molecules. account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells. |
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| consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners (carbon, remember always forms four covalent bonds). |
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| what the bond between adjacent amino acids is called |
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| the resulting long chain of amino acids of peptide bonds. |
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| what the spelling of amino acid sequences is called the proteins ___ |
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| unfavorable change in temperature, ph, or some other quality of the environment causes a protein to unravel and lose its shape. |
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| are macromolecules that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins. |
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| two types of nucleic acids |
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| dna: which stands for deoxyribonucleic acids, and rna which stands for ribonucleic acid. |
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| is a specific stretch of dna that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. |
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| are monomers that make up nucleic acids ( polymers). |
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| sugar- phosphate backbone |
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| a repeating pattern of sugar phosphate - sugar phosphate with the bases ( A, T, C or G) hanging off the backbone like appendages. |
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| the molecules of dna that are double stranded with two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other. |
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