Maintaining stable internal enviornment

ex: going in to the shade to avoid heat stroke

ex: chemical ways

Grouping of organisms based on similarities 

Group Levels: (genus, order, phylum, etc.)

-Domain             Eukarya

    -Kingdom            Animalia

         -Phylum             Chordata

             -Class                 Mammalia

                 -Order                 Rodentia

                     -Family                  Sciuridiae

                         -Genus                    Sciurus

                             - Species                 Sciurus niger

Domain Is Most Broad 

Species Is Least

Two words assigned to each species

1. Genus   2. Specific epithet

-Italicized or Underlined

Genus may be shared, Specific Epithet may be shared

BUT NEVER BOTH

Kingdoms

Archaea - none

Bacteria - none

Eukarya 

              1. Protista

              2. Plantae

            3. Fungi

                 4. Animalia

Larfe areas similar ecosystems

ex. temperate grasslands, trocpical rain forests, tundra

Chemical Cycling and Energy Flow are characteristics of ecosystems

-Archaea   

                                        }  Prokaryotes

-Bacteria

-Eukarya

Supported by numerous experiments 

- a theory has a lot of support

- theory is a level above hypothesis

Law would be the next step

 1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

                               3. Experiment/further observations

4. Conclusion

Loss of 400 species/day 

-Most from habitat destruction

-Polltion and environmental degradation also

Takes up space and has mass

-Made up of elements

-Elements cannont be broken down into anything else

-Solids/Liquids/Gases naturally-occuring elements

6 Elements make up 98% of body weight for most organisms

  1. Carbon

      2. Hydrogen

     3. Nitrogen

    4. Oxygen

        5.Phosphorus

6.Sulfur

Elements made up of atoms

Atomic Symbol = Abbreviation ex: O == Oxygen

smallest particle is the atom

Neutrons(neutral)

Protons(positive)

Electrons(negative)

------------------

                           |                   1    |<< -- Atomic Number

|                        |

|       H         |

|                        |

                         |          1.081         |<<--Atomic Mass

--------------------

Atomic Number on top

Atomic Mass on bottom

Atoms of same lement with different number of neutrons

-some are relatively stable

-others are unstable and decay quickly, emitting radiation (radioactive iostopes)

First Shell: 2

            All Others: 8 or more

Shells must be filled before electrons can be placed in new shells further away from nucleus

-Electron number usually the same as number of protons and neutrons the nucleus contains

Are Stable (do not react with others atoms- nonreactive(inert) atoms)

-He, Ar, Ne, etc.

Are unstable

-(sharing),needing to fill their outer shell to be more stable

-most atoms are reactive

- reach stable states by donating, accepeting, or sharing electrons

Molecule - two or more atoms bonded together

Compound - Moleclue containing 2 or more types of atoms

Two type of bonds: ionic and covalent

Formed by electrical charges

-One atoms donates one or more electrons and gains a positive charge

-Another atoms gains one or more electrons gaining a negative charge

Form when electons are shared

- Sharing "fills" the outer shell

-Can share more than 1 electron Maximum of 4

-Sharing between 2 of the same element is equal sharing.

-Sharing between 2 different elements is unequal.

     ~ This creates partial charges because the electrons

         spend more time around one atoms than the other

Equal Sharing -- nonpolar convalent bonds

Unequal Sharing -- polar covalent bonds

Chemical Reactions

Reactants and Products

6 CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

 ^                        ^

   Reactans             Products

Tendency of molecules to stick to each other

Water

Hydrophilic Molecules- Readily dissolve in water

Hydrophobic Molecules - do not dissolve in water

Water Contracts till __ Degrees Celcius

Below __ Degress Celcius water expands

Sale from 0-14

7 is Neutral

Change is pH of 1 is a 10x change in concentration

Prevent rapid changes in pH

Take up excessive ions

-Example: HCl is buffered in the human digestive tract

Sugars

Mono = 1

Dia = 2

Poly = more than 2

Endomembrane Systen

ER

Vesicles

Membrainous Channels

Smooth ER - Doesn't have ribosomes on it

Rough ER- Has ribosomes on it

Digestive vesicles

Destory foreign particles

Break Down Nutrients

Large membranous sacs

Storage

-powerhouse of cell

converts sugars to ATP

Animals and protists have 2 in a centrosome

Planta and fungi do not have centrioles

Plant Cell Walls