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| an evolutionary modification in the structure or behavior of organisms over generations that makes them better suited for their environment |
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| one of the alternative forms of a single gene. in pea plants, a single gene codes for seed color, and it comes in two allels-one codes for yellow seeds, the other for green seeds |
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| a change in allele frequencies in a populuation DUE TO CHANCE, following a sharp reduction in the population's size. this is one of the factors that POTENTIATES GENETIC DRIFT. |
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| the chance alteration of allele frequencies in a population, with such alterations having greatest impact on small populations |
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| the phenomenon by which an initial gene pool for a population is established by means of that population migrating to a new and isolated area. one condition that potentiates genetic drift. |
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| evolution that results in the formation of new species or other groupings of living things |
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| a change of allele frequencies in a population of a short period of time. the basis for all large-scale or macroevolution |
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| the chance alteration of allele frequencies in a population, with such alterations having greatest impact on smaller populations |
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| in evolution, the type of natural selection in which intermediate forms of a given character are favored over either extreme. this process tends to maintain the average for the character. AVERAGE SURVIVES. |
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| the type of natural selection that moves a character toward one of its extremes |
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| the type of natural selection that moves a character toward both of its extremes, operating against individuals that are average for that character; relatively uncommon |
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| general term for a bond created when ELECTRONS OF TWO ATOMS INTERACT AND REARRANGE INTO A NEW FORM THAT ALLOWS THE ATOMS TO BECOME ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER; ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds are all chemical bonds |
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| a type of chemical bond in which TWO ATOMS ARE LINKED THRU SHARING OF ELECTIONS |
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| basic constituent of an atom that has negative electrical charge; electrons are distributed in an atom at a distance from the nucleus; electrons interact to form chemical bonds between atoms |
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| the measure of the strength of attraction an atom has for electrons; an atom with higher electronegativity will tend to pull electrons away from atoms with lower electronegativity |
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| a substance that cannot be reduced toa ny simpler set of components through chemical processes; an element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus |
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| a chemical bond that links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with a second, relatively electronegative atom |
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| an atom that has positive or negative charage because it has fewer or more electrons than protons; ions will be attracted to other ions with the opposite charge, thus forming ionic compounds |
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| linkage in which two or more ions are bonded to each other by virtue of their opposite charge |
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| a form of an element as defined by the number of neutrons contained in its nucleus; different isotopes of an element have varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons |
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| a structure with a defined number of atoms in a particular spatial arrangement; the atoms and their arrangement determine how the molecule interacts with other molecules |
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| a basic constituent of an atom, possessing no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus; isotopes are defined by the number of neutrons in an atom |
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| a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms, so that one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the other end a slight positive charge |
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| a basic constituent of an atom, found in the nucleus of the atom and having positive electrical charge; elements are defined by the number of protons in their nucleus |
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| any substance that yeilds hydrogen ions when in solution; an acid has a number lower than 7 on the pH scale |
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| basic, as in solutions; alkaline (basic) solutions have numbers above 7 on the pH scale |
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| an organic molecule that always contains CARBON, OXYGEN, AND HYDROGEN and that, in many instances, contains nothing else; usually have 2x as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms; the building blocks or MONOMERS of carbs are MONOSACCHARIDES, such as glucose, which combine to create the polymers of carbohydrates, the polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose |
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| a complex carb that is the largest single component of plant-cell walls |
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| a steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of all animals cells, and that acts as a precursor for many other steroids |
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| the primary information-bearing molecule of life, composed of TWO CHAINS OF NUCLEOTIDES, linked together to form a double helix; proteins are put together in accordance with the information encoded in DNA |
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| a property of a compound indicating that it WILL interact with water |
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| a property of a compound indicating that it WILL NOT interact with water |
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| the building block of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA; consist of A PHOSPHATE GROUP, A SUGAR, AND A NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE |
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| a phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms |
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| the polymers of carbohydrates, composed of many monosaccharides (examples: starch and cellulose) |
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| a type of biological molecule whose defining characteristic is its relative insolubility in water; examples include cholesterol, steroids, and phospholipids |
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| the substance BEING DISSOLVED in a solvent to form a solution |
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| the substance IN WHICH the solute is dissolved to form a solution |
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| a complex carb that serves as the major form of carb storage in plants |
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| the organelle within plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis |
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| a network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, cell movement, and the transport of materials within the cells; (components of cytoskeleton include: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) |
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| a cell whose primary complement of DNA is contained within the membrane-lined nucleus; eukaryotic cells have several other organelles in addition to the nucleus; all organisms are or are made up of eukaryotic cells, except for bacteria and archaea |
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| an organelle found in animals cells that digests worn-out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell |
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| organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion within eukaryotic cells |
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| a cell whose DNA is not located in the nucleus; microscopic, either bacteria or archaea |
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| an organelle, locatedin the cell's cytoplasm, that is the site of protein synthesis; the translation phase of protein synthesis takes place within ribosomes |
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| a network of membranes, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that aids in the processing of proteins |
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| a network of membranes within the cell that is the site of synthesis of various lipids, and the site at which potentially harmful substances are detoxified |
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| a membrane-lined sphere that moves within the cell's endomembrane system, carrying within it proteins and other molecules |
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| transport of materials ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH REQUIRES ENERGY; solutes moved against their concentration gradient |
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| the process by which the plasma membrane folds inward and pinches off, bringing relatively large materials into the cell enclosed inside a vesicle |
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| the process in which a transport vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane of a cell and the content of the vesicle are ejected outside the cell; it can be used to expel waste products or to export protein products in multicelled organisms |
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| the passagfe of materials through the cell's plasma membrane, aided by a concentration gradient and a transport protein; (remember, this is PASSIVE transport) |
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| a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another |
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| the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
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| transport of materials across the cell's plasma membrane that involves no expediture of energy; examples include simple and facilitated diffusion |
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| a membrane forming the outer boundary of many cells, composed of a phospholibid bilayer interspersed with proteins and cholesterol molecules and coated, on its exterior face, with short carb chains associated with proteins and lipids |
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| an outer layer of the plasma membrane, composed of short carb chains that attach to membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules |
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| a process of bringing relatively large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extentions of plasma membrane around the materials to be brought in and fusing the extensions together |
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| a chief component of the plasma membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids, arranged with their fatty-acid chains pointing toward each other |
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| a form of endocytosis that brings into the cell a small volume of extracellular fluid and the solutes suspended in it |
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| a plasma membrane protein that binds with a specific signaling molecule |
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| proteins that form hydrophilic channels through the hydrophobic interior of the cell's plasma membrane, allowing hydrophilic materials to pass through the membrane |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transformed from one form to another |
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| the area of an enzyme that binds the substrate and changes its shape to affect its reactivity |
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| a chemically active type of protein that speeds up, or in practical terms enables, chemical reactions in living things |
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| the substance that is worked on by an enzyme |
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| a substance that retains its original chemical composition while bringing about a change in a substate; enzymes are catalysts in chemical reactions |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| energy transfer always results in a greater amount of disorder (ENTROPY) in the universe |
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| the substance that is worked on by an enzyme |
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| the second stage of cellular respiration, occuring in the inner compartment of mitochondria; major source of electrons for the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain; also called the citric acid cycle, because this is the first product of the cycle |
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| a combination of a reduction and an oxidation reaction in which the electrons lost from one substance in oxidation are gained by another in reduction |
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| the most important intermediate electron carrier in cellular respiration |
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| the three-stage, oxygen-dependent harvesting of energy that goes on in most cells; the three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain |
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| the third stage of cellular respiration, occuring within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, in which most of the ATP are formed |
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| the first stage of cellular respiration, occuring in the cytosol |
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| loss of one or more electrons by an atom or a molecule |
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| the organelle within plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis |
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| the first set of chemical reactions in photosynthesis, in which solar energy strips water of electrons and powers the process by which those electrons are transferred to the primary electron acceptors of photosystems II and I |
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| an organized complex of molecules within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE that collects solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy |
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| in the chloroplast; transforms solar energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis |
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| liquid material of chloroplasts |
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| microscopic pores in the epidermal cells of plants, found mostly on the underside of leaves; WHERE CARBON DIOXIDE ENTERS AND WATER VAPOR LEAVES |
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| process thru which organismms capture energy from the sun (solar energy) and convert it into chemical energy (which is initially stored in a carb) |
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| process thru which organismms capture energy from the sun (solar energy) and convert it into chemical energy (which is initially stored in a carb) |
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| second set of chemical reactions in photosynthesis; energy-rich sugar is produced first by turning carbon dioxide into sugar and then energizing that sugar |
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| a molecular complex of DA and its associated proteins that makes up CHROMOSOMES |
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| the physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells |
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| the type of mimicry in which one species evolves to resemble a species that has superior protection against predators |
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| a type of mimicry in which several species that have protection against predators evolve to look alike; they already have protection, their appearance is just reinforcing it |
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| a type of predation in which te predator gets nutrients from the prey, but does not kill the prey immediately and may not ever; negatively affecting one, positively affecting one |
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| one benefits, the other isn't harmed or helped |
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| interdependent evolution of two or more species; can be predator&prey or mutually beneficial |
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| a species that tends to be relatively short lived, that tends to produce a lot of offspring which is provides little or no care for, population size will fluctuate in reaction to environment; OPPORTUNIST SPECIES |
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| a species that tends to be relatively long lived, few ofspring, good deal of upbringing, population remains stable, near carrying capacity; EQUILIBIUM SPECIES |
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| condition in which two species can live in the same habitat, dividing up resources in a way that allows both to survive |
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| haploid; having one chromosome of each type per cell instead of a pair of chromosomes of each type |
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| diploid; having two chromosomes of each type per cell |
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| crossing over (genetic recombination) |
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| a process, occuing during meiosis, in which two homologous chromosomes exchange reciprocal portions of themselves |
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| possessing two sets of chromosomes; all human cells are diploid with the exception of human gametes which are haploid |
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| a haploid reproductive cell, either egg or sperm |
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| possessing a single set of chromosomes; human gamates are haploid cells, because they only have a single set or chroms |
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| the random distribution of homologous chromosome pairs during meiosis |
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| a process in which a single diploid cell divides to produce four haploid reproductive cells; meiosis produces the gametes for sexual reproduction |
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| chromosomes that determine male or female; X or Y |
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| one of the alternative forms of a single gene |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| during gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another |
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| inheritance of a genetic character that is determined by the interaction of multiple genes, with each gene having a small additive effect on the characteristic |
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| a cell that becomes an egg or a sperm cell |
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| an enzyme that is active in DNA replication, separating strands of DNA, bringing bases to the parental strands, and correcting errors by remving and replacing incorrect base pairs |
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| the building block of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base |
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| any cell that is not and will not become an eff or sperm cell |
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