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| a key basis of modern biology |
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| the key concept of biology |
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| how the organism exist in populations, communities and ecosystems |
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| a type of cell containing no membrane enclosed nucleus nor other membrane enclosed organelles |
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| a type of cell with a membrane around the nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles |
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| the hereditary material in all cells; giant molecule with many repeated subunits |
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| It carries information to make RNA which is the related molecule that can provide codes to make proteins |
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| DNA makes ______ that can code for protiens |
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| a population has changed in genetic composition after natural selection |
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| Generating a hypothesis; testing the hypothesis; and drawing a conclusion |
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| How much of our cells are composed of water? |
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| elements that have the same number of protons and behave the same in chemical reactions, but they have a different number of neutrons |
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| oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen |
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| four elements that form the main components of biological molecules |
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| are produced by electron sharing between molecules |
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| the transfer of electrons can bond atoms together |
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| weak bonds important in holding DNA strands together and giving protiens their shape |
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| do not create or destroy matter; only rearrange it in various ways |
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| a liquid consisting of a uniform mizture of two or more substances |
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| the substance dissolved by the dissolving agent |
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| What is an average human pH? |
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| at what pH can a human not survive |
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| 7.0 and lower or 7.8 and higher |
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| the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein |
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| the pattern of a protein folding back on itslf |
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| the overall shape of a protein; caused by R group interactions |
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| some proteins interact with other proteins; collagen |
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| the four types of protien structures |
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| two types of nucleic acids |
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| scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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| focuses a beam of electrons to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces |
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| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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| used to study the details of internal structure; based on a beam going through a thin slice of a cell |
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| can be used to study living organisms |
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| differential interference contrast microscopy |
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| amplifies differences in density making cells almost three dimensional |
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| have a rigid cell wall and chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs; they do NOT have lysosomes or centrioles |
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| make proteins for use in the cells and export; polypeptide (protein) synthesis |
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| are found in the cytoplasm |
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| are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| primary role is to maintain the DNA and pass it on to daughter cells during cell division, to code the proteins that are made by ribosomes |
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| are surrounded by membranes and often connected by vesicles (sacs made of membrane) |
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| this system of membranes connects the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and plasma membrane. |
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| functions of endomembrane system |
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| allows for coordination of organelle function and separates the organelles into separate functional compartments |
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| lipid synthesis; detoxification in liver cells; calcium ion storage |
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| compounds made by smooth ER |
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| lipids (including phospholipids), and steroids |
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| synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enxymes; formation of transport vesicles |
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| modification and sorting of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles |
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| is a machinery for cellular receiving and shipping; receptor-mediated |
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| Lysosomes (in animal cells & some protists) |
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| digestion of ingested food, bacteria, and a cell's damaged organelles and macromolecules for recycling |
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| lipid metabolism impaired interferring with cellular metabolism; Ashkenazi Jews |
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| digestion (food vacuole); storage of chemicals and cell enlargement (central vacuole); water balance (contractile vacuole) |
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| (not part of endomembrane system) diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide by-product |
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| Why are peroxisomes not apart of the endomembrane system? |
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| because they grow larger by incorporating proteins made primarily in the cytosol and do not bud off from it at all |
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| conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy of ATP |
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| What is an energy harvesting organelle in plants? |
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| both mitochondria & chloplasts what? |
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| evolved by endosymbiosis & are bacteria descendants |
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| Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, & Microtubules |
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| protein fibers that serve as structual support for organelles and provide for cell mobility |
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| also called actin filaments; composed of globular proteins called actin; form a 3-D network just inside the plasma membrane that help define cell shape; also are involved in cell movement |
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| are made of different fibrous protiens that coil around each other; serve in cell shape and to anchor organelles; can come and go as does the keratin which is the outer layer of skin |
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| straight hollow tubes of globular proteins; play a role in cell division, shape, and act as tracks along which organelles move mobilized by motor proteins, and cells themselves move via these |
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| important extracellular matrix protien; spans the membrane attaching to the proteins connected to the microfilaments of the cytoskelton |
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| integrate; influence cell behavior; direct development; modulate gene expression |
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| communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues |
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| plasma membranes are pressed tightly together and knit tightly together by protiens; they form a seal and prevent the leakage of molecules; (digestive tract) |
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| act like rivets holding cells together; found in skin and heart |
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| are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein lined pores; common in embryos for developmental coordination |
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| (in plants, fungi, and some protists) support and protection; binding of cells in tissues |
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| (in plants and some protists) conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars |
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| (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, & microtubules) maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement (crawling, muscle contraction, bending of cilia and flagella) |
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| (in animals) support; regulation of cellular activities |
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| the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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| the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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| the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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| the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
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| when there is no net gain or loss of water |
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| when there is a net lack of water |
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| when too much water comes in and the cell can burst |
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| the control of water balance |
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| which cell type is better off under hypotonic conditions? |
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| wilting is caused by _______ conditions? |
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| can facilitate diffusion of a specific solute across membranes |
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| a protein channel that facilitates the entry of water into plant cells, kidney cells, red blood cells; a single one allows the entry of 3 billion water molecules per second |
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| Who, when and how were aquaporins discovered? |
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| Peter Agree won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of aquaporins; he started out working on Rh blood antigens |
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| the cell uses this to export bulky items such as protiens or polysaccharides (tear production) |
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| the process of importing items into cells |
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| is necessary for membranes and to make other steroids; circulates in the blood in low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) |
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| the energy of motion; moving objects can perform work by transferring motion to other objects |
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| energy that matter possesses |
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| the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
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| the major source of potential & chemical energy used for kinetic energy in cells |
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| releases energy; generates energy (photosynthesis) |
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| every working cell produces thousands of exergonic and endergonic reactions; this is the total of these cellular reactions |
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| a series of chemical reactions that builds or breaks down complex molecules |
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| slowly releases the metabolic potential of energy stored in sugar |
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| Which macromolecule is most similar to ATP? |
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| DNA, because of the adenine group. DNA differs in that it only has one phosphate for ATP's three |
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| driven by energy produced by ATP to ADP where the terminal phosphate is released (three types: Chemical, Mechanical, & Transport) |
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| proteins (usually, although some RNAs can act in a similar manner) that perform some chemical reaction for cellular function |
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| they speed up chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers; there is an energy barrier to be overcome for a chemical reaction for relatively stable chemical structures |
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| a chemical that interferes with an enzymes activity is called an inhibitor |
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| blocks the active site of the enzyme |
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| non-competitive inhibitor |
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| blocks the allosteric site of the enzyme (shape changer) |
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| if a cell produces more of a product than it needs, the product may act as an inhibitor of an enzyme early in the pathway |
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| is a series of enzyme steps that produces products for cells |
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| inhibits production of a "pain messenger" |
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| inhibits bacterial cell wall production |
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| irreversible nerve function inhibition |
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| irreversible inhibition of an enzyme that plays a role in nerve impulses |
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| takes place in the chloroplast, the cell uses glucose to produce energy the output is oxygen |
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| the gain of electrons is reduction and the loss of electrons is oxidation (reduction & oxidation always go together, therefore "redox") |
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| stages of cellular respiration |
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| three main pathways: 1.) Glycolysis, 2.) Pyruvate oxidation & the citric acid cycle, 3.) Oxidative phosphorylation |
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| breaks glucose up into two molecules with 3 carbons each (pyruvate) ; the process captures energy as ATP molecules; takes place in the cytoplasm |
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| Pyruvate oxidation & the citric acid cycle |
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| completes the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide; takes place in the mitochondria; generates energy (note the "symbolic amount" of ATP from this step) |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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| the main function of the 1st two steps (glycolysis, citric acid oxidation) is to supply electrons for this step; takes place in the mitochondria to an electron transport chain embedded in the inner membrane; produces a lot of ATP |
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| glycolysis - substrate level phosphorylation |
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| an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP |
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